|bTP {TITUS} {Thesaurus Indogermanischer Text- und Sprachmaterialien} {TaittirIya PrAti/SAkhyA} {nach der Ausgabe: Whitney, William D., The TaittirIya-PrAti/SAkhya: With its Commentary the TribhASyaratna: Text, Translation and Notes. Delhi 1973 (rep. of New Haven 1863).} {Eingabe durch M. Fushimi} {Wordcruncher-Version: Jost Gippert} {Frankfurt, 30.12.95} |c1 |p1 atha varNasamAmnAyaH // {Now the list of sounds.} |p2 atha navAditaH samAnAkSarANi // {Now the nine at the beginning are simple vowels.} |p3 dvedve savarNe hrasvadIrghe // {Two and two, short and long, are similar.} |p4 na plutapUrvam // {Not so, when a protracted vowel precedes.} |p5 SoDa/SAditaH svarAH // {The sixteen at the beginning are vowels.} |p6 /SeSo vya~NjanAni // {The rest are consonants.} |p7 AdyAH pa~Ncavi~M/Sati spar/SAH // {The first twenty-five are mutes.} |p8 parA/Scatasro 'ntasthAH // {The next four are semivowels.} |p9 pare SaDUSmANaH // {The next six are spirants.} |p10 spar/SAnAmAnupUrvyeNa pa~Ncapa~Nca vargAH // {Of the mutes, the successive fives are the series.} |p11 prathamadvitIyat.rtIyacaturthottamAH // {And are called first, second, third, fourth, and last.} |p12 USmavisarjanIyaprathamadvitIyA aghoSAH // {The spirants, visarjanIya, and the first and second mutes, are surd.} |p13 na hakAraH // {But not h.} |p14 vya~Njana/SeSo ghoSavAn // {The rest of the consonants are sonant.} |p15 AprAvopAbhyadhipratiparivinItyupasargAH // {A, pra, ava, upa, abhi, adhi, prati, pari, vi, ni --- these are prepositions.} |p16 varNaH kArottaro varNAkhyA // {A sound followed by kAra is the name of that sound.} |p17 akAravyaveto vya~NjanAnAm // {But with an a interposed, in the case of the consonants.} |p18 na visarjanIyajihvAmUlIyopadhyAmInAnusvAranAsikyAnAm // {Not of visarjanIya, jihvAmUlIya, upadhmAnIya, anusvAra, and the nAsikyas.} |p19 ephastu rasya // {Of r, however, epha forms the name.} |p20 hrasvo varNottirastrayANAm // {The short vowel, with varNa after it, is the name of the three vowels.} |p21 akAro vya~NjanAnAm // {An a forms the names of consonants.} |p22 grahaNasya // {As also, of a cited word.} |p23 aHkAra AgamavikArilopinAm // {aH makes the names of an increment, or of an element suffering alteration or elision.} |p24 grahaNaM vA // {Or the simple citation.} |p25 Asanna~M saMdehe // {In case of doubt, citation is made of the next.} |p26 anekasyApi // {Even of more than one.} |p27 prathamo vargottaro vargAkhyA // {A first mute, followed by the word "series," is the name of the series.} |p28 aM vikArasya // {am makes the name of a product of alteration.} |p29 pUrva iti pUrvaH // {By preceding is meant preceding.} |p30 para ityuttaraH // {By following is meant succeeding.} |p31 .rkAralkArau hrasvau // {.r and .l are short.} |p32 akAra/Sca // {Also a.} |p33 tena ca samAnakAlasvaraH // {Also any vowel having the same quantity with the latter.} |p34 anusvAra/Sca // {Also anusvAra.} |p35 dvistAvAndIrghaH // {An element of twice that quantity is long.} |p36 triH plutaH // {An element of three times that quantity is protracted.} |p37 hrasvArdhakAlaM vya~Njanam // {A consonant has half the quantity of a short vowel.} |p38 uccairudAttaH // {A syllable uttered in a high tone is acute.} |p39 nIcairanudAttaH // {In a low tone, grave.} |p40 samAhAraH svaritaH // {Their combination is circumflex.} |p41 tasyAdiruccaistarAmudAttAdantare yAvadardha~M hrasvasya // {Of this circumflex, in case it imeediately follows an acute, the first part, to the extent of half a short vowel, is uttered in a yet higher tone.} |p42 udAttasamaH /SeSaH // {The remainder has the same tone with acute.} |p43 savya~Njano 'pi // {Along with the consonant, too.} |p44 anantaro vA nIcaistarAm // {Or the part following is uttered in a lower tone.} |p45 anudAttasamo vA // {Or in the same tone with grave.} |p46 AdirasyodAttasamaH /SeSo 'nudAttasama ityAcAryAH // {Its beginning is the same with acute; its remainder is the same with grave: so say the teachers.} |p47 sarvaH pravaNa ityeke // {It is all a slide, say some.} |p48 nAnApadavadiMgyamasaMkhyAne // {A separable word is treated like separete words, except in an enumeration.} |p49 tasya pUrvapadamavagrahaH // {Of such a word, the former member is called avagraha.} |p50 padagrahaNeSu padaM gamyeta // {In citations of a word, that word is to be understood.} |p51 api vik.rtam // {But that word, even when phonetically altered.} |p52 apyakArAdi // {And even when preceded by a.} |p53 ankArAdi ca // {And when preceded by an.} |p54 ekavarNaH padamap.rktaH // {A single sound composing a word is called ap.rkta.} |p55 Adyantavacca // {And is treated both as initial and as final.} |p56 varNasya vikAralopau // {Alteration and omission are of a single sound.} |p57 vinA/So lopaH // {Omission is complete loss.} |p58 anvAde/So 'ntyasya // {Continued implication is of that which was last.} |p59 upabandhastu de/SAya nityam // {An upabandha, however, is for that particular passage, and of constant effect.} |p60 nAnApadIyaM ca nimittaM pragrahasrAdiSu // {Also a cause belonging to another word, in the case of a pragraha or of a word containing anusvAra.} |p61 yathoktaM punaruktaM tripadaprabh.rti tripadaprabh.rti // {A repeated passage, of three or more words, is as already established.} |c2 |p1 atha /SabdotpattiH // {Now for the origin of sound.} |p2 vAyu/SarIrasamIraNAtkaNThorasoH saMdhAne // {By the setting in motion of air by the body, at the junction of throat and breast.} |p3 tasya prAti/SrutkAni bhavantyuraH kaNThaH /Siro mukhaM nAsike iti // {The parts which give it audible quality are breast, throat, head, mouth, and nostrils.} |p4 saMv.rte kaNThe nAdaH kriyate // {When the throat is closed, tone is produced.} |p5 viv.rte /SvAsaH // {When it is opened, breath is produced.} |p6 madhye hakAraH // {When in an intermediate condition, the h-sound is produced.} |p7 tA varNaprak.rtayaH // {Those are the materials of alphabetic sounds.} |p8 nAdo 'nupradana~M svaraghoSavatsu // {In vowels and sonant consonants, the emission is sound.} |p9 hakAro hacaturtheSu // {In h and in sonant aspirate mutes, it is h-sound.} |p10 aghoSeSu /SvAsaH // {In surd consonants, it is breath.} |p11 bhUyAnprathamebhyo 'nyeSu // {And more of it in the other surd letters than in the simple surd mutes.} |p12 avarNe nAtyupasa~Mh.rtamoSThahanu nAtivyastam // {In forming the a-vowels, the lips and jaws must not be too nealy approximated, nor too widely separated.} |p13 okAre ca // {Also in uttering o.} |p14 oSThau tUpasa~Mh.rtatarau // {But the lips are more nearly approximated.} |p15 ISatprak.rSTAvekAre // {In utterin e, they are slightly protracted.} |p16 upasa~Mh.rtatare hanU // {The jaws more nealy approached.} |p17 jihvAmadhyAntAbhyAM cottarA~NjambhyAntspar/Sayati // {And one touches the borders of the upper back jaws with the edges of the middle of the tongue.} |p18 upasa~Mh.rtatare ca jihvAgram.rkArarkAralkAreSu barsveSUpasa~Mharati // {The jaws, also, are more closely approximated, and the tip of the tongue is brought into close proximity to the upper back gums, in .r, R, and .l.} |p19 ekeSAmanusvArasvarabhaktyo/Sca // {As also, according to some, in anusvAra and svarabhakti.} |p20 anAde/Se praNyastA jihvA // {In the absence of special direction, the tongue is thrust down forward.} |p21 akAravadoSThau // {The lips are as in the utterance of a.} |p22 tAlau jihvAmadhyamivarNe // {In the i-vowels, the middle of the tongue is to be approximated to the palate.} |p23 ekAre ca // {Also in e.} |p24 oSThopasa~MhAra uvarNe // {In the u-vowels, there is approximation of the lips.} |p25 ekAntarastu sarvatra prak.rtAt // {But, in all cases, with an interval of one from the preceding.} |p26 akArArdhamaikAraukArayorAdiH // {The beginning of ai and au is half an a.} |p27 saMv.rtakaraNataramekeSAm // {Which, in the opinion of some, is uttered with the organs more closed.} |p28 ikAro 'dhyardhaH pUrvasya /SeSaH // {Of the former, the rest is one and a half times i.} |p29 ukArastUttarasya // {But, of the latter, u.} |p30 anusvArottamA anunAsikAH // {anusvAra and the last mutes are nasal.} |p31 svarANA yatropasa~MhArastatsthAnam // {In the case of the vowels, that is their place of production, to which approximation is made.} |p32 yadupasa~Mharati tatkaraNam // {That is producing organ, which makes the approsximation.} |p33 anyeSAM tu yatra spar/SanaM tatsthAnam // {But in the case of the other letters, that is place of production, where contact is made.} |p34 yena spar/Sayati tatkaraNam // {That is producing organ, whereby one makes the contact.} |p35 hanUmUle jihvAmUlena kavarge spar/Sayati // {In the k-series, one makes contact with the root of the tongue at the root of the jaws.} |p36 tAlau jihvAmadhyena cavarge // {In the c-series, with the middle of the tongue, upon the palate.} |p37 jihvAgreNa prativeSTya mUrdhani Tavarge // {In the T-series, with the tip to the tongue, rolled back, in the head.} |p38 jihvAgreNa tavarge dantamUleSu // {In the t-series, with te tip of the tongue, at the roots of the teeth.} |p39 oSThAbhyAM pavarge // {In the p-series, with the two lips.} |p40 tAlau jihvAmadhyAntAbhyAM yakAre // {In y, with the two edges of the middle of the tongue, upon the palate.} |p41 rephe jihvAgramadhyena pratyagdantamUlebhyaH // {In r, with the middle of the tip of the tongue, back of the roots of the teeth.} |p42 dantamUleSu ca lakAre // {Also in l, at the roots of the teeth.} |p43 oSThAntAbhyAM dantairvakAre // {In v, with the edges of the lips, along with the teeth.} |p44 spar/SasthAneSUSmANa AnupUrvyeNa // {The spirants, in their order, are produced in the places of the mutes.} |p45 karaNamadhyaM tu viv.rtam // {But the middle of the producing organ is unclosed.} |p46 kaNThasthAnau hakAravisarjanIyau // {The throat is place of production of h and visarjanIya.} |p47 udayasvarAdisasthAno hakAraM ekeSAm // {In the opinion of some authorities, h has the same position as the begiining of the following vowel.} |p48 pUrvAntasasthAno visarjanIyaH // {visarjanIya has the same position as the end of the preceding vowel.} |p49 nAsikyA nAsikAsthAnAH // {The nose-sounds have the nose as their place of production.} |p50 mukhanAsikyA vA // {Or they are produced by the mouth and nose.} |p51 vargavaccaiSu // {And, in them, the organ of production is as in the series of mutes.} |p52 nAsikAvivaraNAdAnunAsikyaMnAsikAvivaraNAdAnunAsikyam // {Nasal quality is given by the unclosing of the nose.} |c3 |p1 athAdAvuttare vibhAge hrasvaM vya~NjanaparaH // {Now then --- at the beginning or end of a word, a vowel, in case of separation, if followed by a consonant, becomes short as hereinafter set forth.} |p2 devA/SIkAsumnA/SvartAvayunAh.rdayAghokthA/SuddhA // {devA, /SIkA, sumnA, /SvA, .rtA, vayunA, h.rdayA, aghA, ukthA, and /SudhA, as first members of a compound, shorten their final when separated.} |p3 indrA vadvanvAnparaH // {Also indrA, when followed by vat, van, and vAn.} |p4 citrA vaparaH // {Also citrA, when followed by v.} |p5 prasthendriyAdraviNAvi/SvadevyAdIrghAvIryAvi/SvAvAtAtvAbha.NgurAkarNakAv.rSNiyAsugoparkasAmAghAsatrAvarSApuSpAmeghAprAsvA // {Also prasthA, indriyA, draviNA, vi/SvadevyA, dIrghA, vIryA, vi/SvA, vAtA, tvA, bha.NgurA, karNakA, v.rSNiyA, sugopA, .rksAmA, aghA, satrA, varSA, puSpA, meghA, prA, svA.} |p6 lokaeveSTA // {Also iSTA, after loke and eva.} |p7 /SaktIrathItviSIvA/SIrAtryoSadhyAhutIvyAh.rtIsvAhAk.rtIhrAdunI/SacIcitI/SroNIp.rSTIpUtyabhIcarSaNIparyadhIpArI/SatrUviSUvasUanUhanUsUvibhU ityavagrahaH // {Also /SaktI, rathI, tviSI, vA/SI, rAtrI, oSadhI, AhutI, vyAh.rtI, svAhAk.rtI, hrAdunI, /SacI, citI, /SroNI, p.rSTI, pUtI, abhI, carSaNI, parI, adhI, pArI, /SatrU, viSU, vasU, anU, hanU, sU, vibhU --- all these, as first members of a compound.} |p8 avAsacasvAnudAm.rDAvardhA/SikSArakSAdyAbhavAbhajAyatrAcarApibAnAdhAmAdhArayAdharSAghAvardhayAbodhAtrAtatrAmu~NcA/SvasyAp.rNasvAhiSThAtvaMtarAjaniSvAyakSvAchA // {Also ava, sacasvA, nudA, m.rDA, vardhA, /SikSA, rakSA, adyA, bhavA, bhajA, yatrA, carA, pibA, nA, dhAmA, dhArayA, dharSA, ghA, vardhayA, bodhA, atrA, tatrA, mu~NcA, a/SvasyA, p.rNasvA, hi SThA, tvaM tarA, janiSvA, yukSvA, achA.} |p9 adhAgniyAjye // {Also adhA, in agni and yAjyA passages.} |p10 kutrAdakSiNenAsvenAhantanAjagAmAruhemAvidmardhyAmAcak.rmAkSAmAstarImAbharemAvarSayatherayathArithApAthAthAsi~NcathAjanayathAjayatokSatAvatAyAtA/S.rNutAk.rNutAbibh.rtA // {Also kutrA, dakSiNenA, svenA, hantanA, jagAmA, ruhemA, vidmA, .rdhyAmA, cak.rmA, kSAmA, starImA, bharemA, varSayathA, IrayathA, ArithA, pAthA, athA, si~NcathA, janayathA, jayatA, ukSatA, avatA, yAtA, /S.rNutA, k.rNutA, bibh.rtA.} |p11 bharatA yAjyAsu // {Also bhartarA, in yAjyA passages.} |p12 attAbhavatAnadatAtaratAtapatAjuhutAvocatAmu~NcatAc.rtAghuSyAjanayAvartayAsAdayApArayAdIyAharAbharApAsasAdAs.rjAtiSThAyenA // {Also attA, bhavatA, anadatA, taratA, tapatA, juhutA, vocatA, amu~NcatA, c.rtA, ghuSyA, janayA, vartayA, sAdayA, pArayA, dIyA, harA, bharA, apA, sasAdA, s.rjA, tiSThA, and yenA.} |p13 u/SmasIkrayIk.rdhI/SrudhIyadI // {Also u/SmasI, krayI, k.rdhI, /SrudhI, and yadI.} |p14 sUtUnUmithUmakSUU // {Also sU, tU, nU, mithU, makSU, and U.} |p15 vyutpUrva AnanudAtto 'nUSmavatyanUSmavati // {Also An, when unaccented, and preceded by vi or ut, in a word containing no spirant.} |c4 |p1 atha pragrahAH // {Now the pragrahas.} |p2 nAvagrahaH // {No former member of a compound is pragraha.} |p3 antAH // {Only a final is pragraha.} |p4 itiparo 'pi // {It is followed by iti.} |p5 UkAraH // {A long U is pragraha.} |p6 okAro 'sA~Mhito 'kAravya~NjanaparaH // {Also an which is not the product of euphonic combination, if followed by a or a consonant.} |p7 samahadathapitpUrva/Sca // {As also, when preceded by s, m, h, d, th, and pit.} |p8 athaikArekArau // {Now follow cases of e and I.} |p9 asme // {asme is pragraha.} |p10 tve ityaniMgyAntaH // {Also tve, when not the final member of a separable compound.} |p11 devate- ubhe- bhAgadhe- Urdhve- vi/SAkhe- /S.r.Nge- ene- medhye- t.rNNe- t.rdye- kanInike- pAr/Sve- /Sive- cottame- evottare- /Sipre- rathaMtare- vatsarasyarUpe- virUpe- viSurUpe- sadohavirdhAne- adhiSavaNe- ahorAtre- dh.rtavrate- stuta/Sastre- .rksAme- aktearpite- raivate- pUrte- pratte- vidh.rte- an.rte- achidre- bahule- pUrvaje- k.rNudhva~Msadane // {Also devate, ubhe, bhAgadhe, Urdhve, vi/SAkhe, /S.r.Nge, ene, medhye, t.rNNe, t.rdye, kanInike, pAr/Sve, /Sive, cottame, evottare, /Sipre, rathaMtare, vatsarasya rUpe, virUpe, viSurUpe, sadohavirdhAne, adhiSavaNe, ahorAtre, dh.rtavrate, stuta/Sastre, .rksAme, akte arpite, raivate, pUrte, pratte, vidh.rte, an.rte, achidre, bahule, pUrvaje, k.rNudhva~M sadane.} |p12 amI- cakSuSI- kArSNI- devatAphalgunI- muSTI- dhI- nAbhI- vapA/SrapaNI- ahanI- janmanI- sumninI- sAmanI- vaiSNavI- aikSavI- darvI- dyAvAp.rthivI // {Also amI, cakSuSI, kArSNI, devatA phalgunI, muSTI, dhI, nAbhI, vapaA/SrapaNI, ahanI, janmanI, sumninI, sAmanI, vaiSNavI, aikSavI, darvI, dyAvAp.rthivI.} |p13 pUrva/Sca // {As also, the preceding word.} |p14 na rundhe nityam // {But not rundhe, in any case.} |p15 harIsahurIsahUtIkalpayantIAp.rSatIAhutI // {Also harI, sahurI, sahUtI, kalpayantI, A p.rSatI, and AhutI are pragraha.} |p16 pUrva/Sca // {As also, the preceding word.} |p17 vAsasItapasIrodasI // {Also vAsasI, tapasI, and rodasI.} |p18 para/Sca // {As also, the following word.} |p19 vyacasvatIbhiriSyantInaHp.rthivI // {Also vyacasvatI, bhariSyantI, and naH p.rthivI.} |p20 yeaprathetAmurvIteasyayaMkrandasIchandasvatIteAcarantIantaraitAsu // {Also in the verses beginning ye aprathetAm, urvI, te asya, yaM krandasI, chandasvatI, te AcarantI, and antarA.} |p21 nopasthe // {But not upasthe.} |p22 irAvatIprabh.rtyA dAdhAra // {Also in the passage beginning with irAvatI, and ending with dAdhAra.} |p23 pUrvajeprabh.rtyAyam // {And in the passage beginning with pUrvaje and ending with ayam.} |p24 ime garbhamupaivarasenaparaH // {Also ime, when followed by garbham, upa, and eva rasena.} |p25 krUramApaHsajUrbrahmajaiteSu ca // {As also, in the sections beginning with krUram, ApaH, sajUH, and brahmaja.} |p26 pUrNe // {As also pUrNe.} |p27 d.rDhe // {Also d.rdhe is pragraha.} |p28 ghnIcakre papare // {Also ghnI and cakre, when followed by p.} |p29 nvatI // {Also nvatI.} |p30 paparo na // {But not when followed by p.} |p31 samIcI // {samIcI is pragraha.} |p32 naparo na // {But not when followed by n.} |p33 cI yatpraparaH // {cI is pragraha, when followed by yat or pra.} |p34 AnmahI // {Also An mahI.} |p35 patI /SrutiH // {Also the combination of sounds patI.} |p36 gnI // {Also gnI.} |p37 na hiparaH // {But not when followed by hi.} |p38 vIDdvArauk.rSNa/ScarAvoyadAparaH // {Also an I or e followed by vID, dvArau, k.rSNaH, carAvaH, and yadA.} |p39 na j~Ne 'hne nityam // {But not j~Ne and ahne, under any circumstances.} |p40 AkAraikArapUrvastu bahusvarasya te the // {te and the, however, are pragraha in a word of more than two syllables, if preceded by A or e.} |p41 na /SAryAte // {But not /SAryAte.} |p42 te mApAtaMnamaenamabhivAyurgarbhamupAhastuparaH // {te is pragraha when followed by mA pAtam, namaH, enam abhi, vAyuH, garbham, upa, ahas, and tu.} |p43 anudAtto na nityam // {But not when unaccented, under any circumstances.} |p44 ete tanuvauvaisamevahiyaj~NapadiSTakparaH // {ete is pragraha when followed by tanuvau, vai sam, eva, hi, yaj~Na, pad, and iSTak.} |p45 para/Sca dvayoH // {As also, the letter following the two last mentioned.} |p46 sthaHparaH // {Also one followed by sthaH.} |p47 para/ScobhayoH // {As also, one following them both.} |p48 somAyasvaitasmin // {Also in the section beginning somAya sva.} |p49 dve // {Also dve.} |p50 para/Sca // {As also, the following word.} |p51 ekavyaveto 'pi // {Likewise the next but one.} |p52 gamayatobhavato'nUkArAtparaMtanUyadakarotkuryAdiSTiSvabrUtAMpravartAstA~MstabhnItAMvAcayatibibh.rtastAgniMgAyatraMtAbhyAmevobhAbhyAmavAntaraMpara A SaSThAt // {Before, and within six words of, gamayataH, bhavataH(except when it follows U), tanU yAt, akarot, kuryAt(in iSTi passages), abrUtAm, pra varta, AstAm, stabhnItAm, vAcayati, bibh.rtas ta, agniM gAyatram, tAbhyAm eva, ubhAbhyAm, and avAntaram.} |p53 na grAmIvarcasImithunImAselokedhatte // {But not grAmI, varcasI, mithunI, mAse, loke, dhatte.} |p54 ate samAnapade nityamave cAve ca // {Nor ate, in a single word, nor ave, under any circumstances.} |c5 |p1 atha sa~MhitAyAmekaprANabhAve // {The following rules apply in combined text(saMhitA), within the compass of a single breath.} |p2 yathAyuktAdvidhiH sA prak.rtiH // {Separation from the text as combined --- that is the fundamental text.} |p3 tatra pUrvaMpUrvaM prathamam // {And here, that which comes first is first taken.} |p4 trapumithupUrvaH /Sakara/ScaparaH // {After trapu and mithu is inserted a /S before c.} |p5 supUrva/Sca candraparaH // {As also after su, before candra.} |p6 saMpUrvaH sakAraH kuruparaH // {After sam is inserted s before kuru.} |p7 akurva ca pratyayAtparaH // {And before akurva, after the augment.} |p8 nIcApUrvo dakAra uccAparaH // {After nIcA is inserted d before uccA.} |p9 asaMpUrvo 'ram.rkAraH // {After asam, .r becomes ar.} |p10 avagraha A/SIrdhUHsuvariti rephaM paraH sakAraH SakAram // {Of A/SIH, dhUH, and suvaH, when first members of a compuond, the visarjanIya becomes r, and a follwing s becomes S.} |p11 atha lopaH // {Now for cases of omission.} |p12 IMpUrvo makAraH // {A m is dropped, when preceded by Im.} |p13 tunupUrva udAttayorvakAraH // {A v is dropped when preceded by tu or nu, in case these are accented.} |p14 utpUrvaH sakAro vya~NjanaparaH // {A s is dropped after ut, when a consonant follows.} |p15 eSasasya iti ca // {Also eSaH, saH, and syaH.} |p16 nAsaH // {But not asaH.} |p17 idvidagnaimAMnaenauSadhIHparaH saH // {And saH, when followed by id u, id agne, imAM naH, enA, oSadhIH.} |p18 avagraha ityekam // {Also ity ekam, when ekam is the former member of a compound.} |p19 tiSThantyekayA sapUrvaH // {Also tiSThanty ekayA, along with the preceding letter.} |p20 na kAraH /SakAraM caparaH // {A n, when followed by c, becomes /S.} |p21 nAyannairayannArdhnuvannanaDvAngh.rNIvAnvAruNAnevAsmin // {But not the n of Ayan, airayan, Ardhnuvan, anaDvAn, gh.rNIvAn, vAruNAn, and evAsmin.} |p22 takAra/ScakAra~M /SacachaparaH // {A t, when followed by /S, c, or ch, becmes c.} |p23 japaro jakAram // {When followed by j, it becomes j.} |p24 nakAra eteSu ~NakAram // {A n, before the same letters, becomes ~N} |p25 laparau lakAram // {Both t and n, when followed by l, become l.} |p26 nakAro 'nunAsikam // {The n becomes nasalized l.} |p27 makAra spar/Saparastasya sasthAnamanunAsikam // {A m, when followed by a mute, becomes the nasal of like position with it.} |p28 antasthApara/Sca savarNamanunAsikam // {Followed by a semivowel, it becomes a nasal of like quality with it.} |p29 na rephaparaH // {But not when followed by r.} |p30 yavakArapara/ScaikeSAmAcAryANAm // {Nor, according to some teachers, when followed by y or v.} |p31 uttamalabhAvAtpUrvo 'nunAsika ityAtreyaH // {Atreya holds that, when a nasal mute becomes l, the previous vowel is nasalized.} |p32 .NapUrvaH kakAraH saSakAraparaH // {After .N is inserted a k before s and S.} |p33 TanakArapUrva/Sca takAraH // {After T or n is inserted a t.} |p34 spar/SapUrvaH /SakAra/SchakAram // {A /S preceded by a mute becomes ch.} |p35 na makArapUrvaH // {But not when preceded by m.} |p36 pakArapUrva/Sca vAlmIkeH // {Nor, according to vAlmIki, when preceded by p.} |p37 vya~NjanaparaH pauSkarasAderna pUrva/Sca ~NakAram // {Nor, according to pauSkarasAdi, when followed by a consonant; and a preceding n, in that case, does not become ~N.} |p38 prathamapUrvo hakAra/ScaturthaM tasya sasthAnaM plAkSikauNDinyagautamapauSkarasAdInAm // {According to plAkSi, kauNDinya, gautama, and pauSkarasAdi, a h preceded by a first mute becomes a fourth mute corresponding with the latter.} |p39 avik.rta ekeSAm // {According to some authorities, it remains unchanged.} |p40 caturtho 'ntare /SaityAyanAdInAm // {According to /SaityAyana and others, a fourth mute is interposed.} |p41 mImA~MsakAnAM ca mImA~MsakAnAM ca // {As also, according to the mImA~Msakas.} |c6 |p1 atha SakAra~M sakAravisarjanIyau // {Now for conversions of s and visarjanIya into S.} |p2 svAnAsodivyApohyayamukamUmoprotrImahidyavipadyavayahapUrvaH // {A s is converted into S when preceded by svAnAso divi, Apo hi, ayam u, kam u, U, mo, pro, trI, mahi, dyavi, padi, or a former member of a compound.} |p3 asadAmAsi~Nca~M/Sca // {Also asadAma and asi~Ncan.} |p4 upasarganiSpUrvo 'nudAtte pade // {Also in an unaccecnted pada, when a preposition or nis precededs.} |p5 rAsaHsapte'gnirnirvidurmIDhuHpAyubhirveHsumatirmAkirIyurAyurAbhiHsadhirnakistakAraparo nityam // {Also the visarjanIya, when followed by t, of agniH preceded by rAsaH or sapte, and of niH, viduH, mIDhuH, pAyubhiH, veH, sumatiH, mAkiH, IyuH, AyuH, AbhiH, sadhiH, and nakiH, under all circumstances.} |p6 atha na // {Now for exceptions.} |p7 avarNavya~Njana/Sakunipatny.rtum.rtyumalimlub.rhaspatipUrvaH // {Excepted is a s preceded by an a-vowel, a consonant, caknu, patnI, .rtu, m.rtyu, malimlu, or b.rhaspati.} |p8 .rkArarephavati // {Also in a word containing .r or r.} |p9 avagrahaH // {Also in the former member of a compound.} |p10 savasthAnam // {Also in sava and sthAnam.} |p11 na dhipUrve // {But not when dhi precedes.} |p12 saMtAnebhyaHsaptAbhiHsaMmitA~MstanA~MsIta~Mspa/SaHsaksanisaniHsanIHsabheyaHsattvAsasyAyai // {Also in saMtAnebhyaH, saptAbhiH, saMmitAm, stanAm, sItam, spa/SaH, sak, sani, saniH, sanIH, sabheyaH, sattvA, and sasyAyai.} |p13 na svaraspardhAstarImasAhasrasArathisphurantIstubjyotirAyu/ScatuHpUrvasto // {But not in svara, spardhAH, starIma, sAhasra, sArathiH, sphurantI, stubh, and in sto when preceded by jyotiH, AyuH, or catuH.} |p14 tarhA~MstasmiMlokAnvidvA~MstA~MstrInyuSmAnUrdhvAnambakAn.rtUna/Smank.rNvanpitRnanAnkapAlA~MstiSThannAdyudAttenemirdevAntsavanepa/SU~MstakAraparaH sakAraM prAk.rto nitye prAk.rto nitye // {In tarhAn, tasmin, lokAn, vidvAn, tAn, trIn, yuSmAn, UrdhvAn, ambakAn, .rtUn, a/Sman, k.rNvan, pitRn, anAn, kapAlAn, tiSThan when accented on the first syllable, nemir devAn, and savane pa/SUn, an original n, followed by a t, becomes s, when the t is a constant one.} |c7 |p1 atha nakAro NakAram // {Now for conversion of n into N.} |p2 SuSUk.rdhisuvaHsamindrAsthUryuruvAHSaTtrigrAmaniSupUrvaH // {n becomes N when preceded by Su, SU, k.rdhi suvaH, sam indra, asthUri, uru, vAH, SaT, tri, grAma, or niH.} |p3 hanyAdupyamAnaM ca // {Also in hanyAt and upyamAnam.} |p4 parIpariparIprapUrvaH // {Also after pArI, pari, parI, and pra.} |p5 avarNavyaveto 'pi // {And that, even when an a-vowel intervenes.} |p6 vAhanauhyamAnoyAnamayanyavenava~Nca // {Also in vAhanaH, uhyamAnaH, yAnam, ayan, yavena, and van.} |p7 prApUrva/Sca // {As also, when preceded by prA.} |p8 indro'yajuHpUrva enaMkena // {Also enam and kena, when preceded respectively by indraH and ayajuH.} |p9 n.r/SrIpUrvo manAH // {also manAH, when preceded by n.r or /SrI.} |p10 a.NgAnAmonegAnigAnAMgyAniyAmena // {Also a.NgAnAm, one, gAni, gAnAm, gyAni, and yAmena.} |p11 raSaHpUrvo havanyahnehan // {Also havani, ahne, han, when preceded by r or SaH.} |p12 rupUrvo mayAnyanI // {Also mayAni and anI, when preceded by ru.} |p13 vAghASapUrvastaSTam // {After vAghA and S, t is changed to T.} |p14 tha/Sca Tham // {Also th to Th.} |p15 na takAraparaH // {But not when t follows.} |p16 nahyatinUnaMn.rtyantyanyo'nyAbhiranyAnyanta/ScAnta/Sca // {Nor in nahyati, nUnam, n.rtyanti, anyaH, anyAbhiH, anyAni; nor when final.} |c8 |p1 atha prathamaH // {Now for changes of first mutes.} |p2 uttamapara uttama~M savargIyam // {A first mute, followed by a last mute, becomes a last mute of its own series.} |p3 t.rtIya~M svaraghoSavatparaH // {Followed by a vowel or a sonant consonat, it becomes a third mute.} |p4 kakucca makAraparaH // {Also in kakut, when m follows.} |p5 atha visarjanIyaH // {Now for chages of visarjanIya.} |p6 rephameteSu // {visarjanIya becomes r before the classes of sounds last mentioned.} |p7 na rephaparaH // {But not before r.} |p8 hvArabhArvArhArabibharajIgarakaranantarvivaHsuvaHpunaraharahaHprAtarvastaH/SamitaHsamitaHsanutastanutastotarhotaHpitarmAtaryaSTareSTarneSTastvaSTaH // {visarjanIya becomes r in hvAH, abhAH, vAH, hAH, abibhaH, ajIgaH, akaH, anantaH, vivaH, suvaH, punaH, aharahaH, prAtaH, vastaH, /SamitaH, savitaH, sanutaH, stanutaH, stotaH, hotaH, pitaH, mAtaH, yaSTaH, eSTaH, neSTaH,and tvaSTaH.} |p9 karAvaranudAtte pade // {Also in kaH and AvaH, in an unaccented word.} |p10 antaranAdyudAtte // {Also in antaH, except when accented on the first syllable.} |p11 Av.rtparaH // {Also a visarjianIya followed by Av.rt.} |p12 itiparo 'pi // {And likewise when iti follows.} |p13 ahArahaHsuvaraniMgyAntaH // {Also in ahAH, ahaH, and suvaH, except at the end of a separable word.} |p14 na bhirbhyAMparaH // {Not, however, when followed by bhiH or bhyAm.} |p15 a~Mha/Sca sarveSAm // {Also not in a~MhaH, as all agree.} |p16 anavarNapUrvastu rephaparo lupyate // {But, when not preceded by an a-vowel, visarjanIya followed by r is omitted.} |p17 dIrghaM ca pUrvaH // {And the preceding vowel is made long.} |p18 eSTa/Sca // {As also, in eSTaH.} |p19 naikeSAm // {Not so, according to some authorities.} |p20 dvAvuttamottarIyasya repham // {According to uttamottarIya, two becomes r.} |p21 sAMk.rtyasyokAram // {According to sAMk.rtya, the visarjanIya becomes u.} |p22 ukhyasya sapUrvaH // {And, according to ukhya, along with the preceding letter.} |p23 kakhapakAraparaH SamakArapUrvaH samavagrahaH // {At the end of the former member of a compound, before k, kh, or p, visarjanIya becomes S --- or s, if preceded by a.} |p24 AvirniriDaH/Sa/Svato'pasodevariSo'~Mhaso'tidivovi/Svato'/SmanastamasaH // {Also in AviH, niH, iDaH, /Sa/SvataH, apasaH, devariSaH, a~MhasaH, ati divaH, vi/SvataH, a/SmanaH, and tamasaH.} |p25 k.rdhipinvapatheparaH // {Also before k.rdhi, pinva, and pathe.} |p26 na sakraghakArapare // {Also before patnI ve, patI, pate, pataye, patiH, and patim.} |p27 patnIvepatIpatepatayepatiSpatiMparaH // {Also in divaH and sahasaH, before pari and put.} |p28 divaHsahasaspariputparaH // {Also in rAyaH, before po.} |p29 rAyaspoparaH // {Also in namaH, before karo.} |p30 namaskaroparaH // {Also in vasuH, before k.} |p31 vasuSkakAraparaH // {Also in vasuH, before k.} |p32 nAdhvaraMvi/Svato'ntarjAtovivi/SuHparuHpunaH // {Not in adhvaraM vi/SvataH, antaH, jAtaH, vivi/SuH paruH, and punaH.} |p33 dhaSavati // {Nor before a word containing dh or S.} |p34 parivApraparaH // {Not before pari vA or pra.} |p35 na nirNa niH // {Not so with niH.} |c9 |p1 USmaparo 'ghoSapare lupyate kANDamAyanasya // {visarjanIya, when followed by a spirant which has a surd letter after it, is dropped, according to kANDamAyana.} |p2 aghoSaparastasya sasthAnamUSmANam // {Followed by a surd letter, it becomes the spirant of like position with that letter.} |p3 na kSaparaH // {But not when followed by kS.} |p4 kapavargapara/ScAgnive/SyavAlmIkyoH // {Nor, according to Agnive/Sya and vAlmIki, when followed by a guttural or a labial mute.} |p5 USmapara evaikeSAmAcAryANAm // {According to some authorities, not when followed by a spirant, and only then.} |p6 na plAkSiplAkSAyaNayoH // {Not according to plAkSi and plAkSAyaNa.} |p7 okAramaH sarvo 'kAraparaH // {aH, the whole of it, when followed by a, becomes o.} |p8 ghoSavatpara/Sca // {Also when followed by a sonant consonant.} |p9 avarNapUrvastu lupyate // {But visarjanIya, when preceded by an a-vowel, is omitted.} |p10 atha svaraparo yakAram // {When followed by a vowel, it becomes y.} |p11 ekAro 'yam // {e, before a vowel, becomes ay.} |p12 okAro 'vam // {o becomes av.} |p13 nAkAraparau // {But not, in either case, when followed by a.} |p14 aikAra Ayam // {ai becomes Ay.} |p15 aukAra Avam // {au becomes Av.} |p16 ukAro 'p.rktaH prak.rtyA vakAro 'ntare // {An u, uncombined with a consonant, remains unchanged, and v is inserted between it and the following vowel.} |p17 na tattasmAtsA~MhitaH // {But not in sa~MhitA-text, after tat and tasmAt.} |p18 hrasvapUrvo .NakAro dvivarNam // {A .N, when preceded by a short vowel, is doubled.} |p19 nakAra/Sca // {As does also a n.} |p20 anitiparo grahokhyayAjyAp.rSThyahiraNyavarNIyeSvIkArokArapUrvo rephamAkArapUrva/Sca yakAram // {In graha, ukhya, yAjyA, p.rSThya, and hiraNyavarNIya passages, a n preceded by I or U becomes r, preceded by A becomes y, except before iti.} |p21 martyAnudayAnam.rtAnduryAnasomapUrvaHsoasmAnavimAngomAnmadhumAnhaviSmAnhUtamAnArSecikitvAniDAvAnkakSIvAnbANavAnhipayasvAnva/SAnvidatrAnamitrAnarAnpoSAnmahA~M/Sca // {Also in the words martyAn, ud ayAn, am.rtAn, duryAn not preceded by soma, so asmAn, avimAn, gomAn, madhumAn, haviSmAn, hUtamAn before any vowel belonging to the text, cikitvAn, iDAvAn, kakSIvAn, bANavAn, hi payasvAn, va/SAn, vidatrAn, amitrAn, arAn, poSAn, and mahAn.} |p22 indrome'karUDhvamihApyetvaganmeDenyAnAyajiSThaAcartvakurvatAduhadaditiragre'dharAntsapatnAnalaMpara/Sca // {Also a n followed by indro me, akaH, UDhvam, ihA, apy etu, aganma, IDenyAn, AyajiSThaH, A ca, .rtu, akurvata, aduhat, aditiH, agre, adharAnt sapatnAn, and alam.} |p23 na ra/SmI~NchrapayAnyamAnpata.NgAntsamAnAnarcAnyajIyAn // {The n of ra/SmIn, /SrapayAn, yamAn, pata.NgAn, samAnAn, arcAn, yajIyAn remains unchanged.} |p24 udathApara/ScodathApara/Sca // {Nor a n followed by ut or atha.} |c10 |p1 athaikamubhe // {Now for the coalescence of two vowels into one.} |p2 dIrgha~M samAnAkSare savarNapare // {In the case of a simple vowel, followed by a similar vowel, the product is long.} |p3 athAvarNapUrve // {Now for cases in which an a-vowel stands first.} |p4 ivarNapara ekAram // {When an i-vowel follows, the product is e.} |p5 uvarNapara okAram // {When an u-vowel follows, the product is o.} |p6 ekAraikArapara aikAram // {When e or ai follows, the product is ai.} |p7 okAraukArapara aukAram // {When o or au follows, the product is au.} |p8 aram.rkArapare // {When .r follows, the product is ar.} |p9 upasargapUrva Aram // {If a preposition precedes, the product is Ar.} |p10 udAttamudAttavati // {When an acute enters into the combination, the result is acute.} |p11 anunAsike 'nunAsikam // {When a nasal, the result is nasal.} |p12 svaritAnudAttasaMnipAte svaritam // {When circumflex and grave are combined, the result is circumflex.} |p13 na dhAmApAsiparIbudhniyAjyApUSAminantArSe // {Exceptions are dhA, mA, and pA, when followed by asi; also budhniyA, jyA, A pUSA, and aminanta --- before a vowel belonging to the text.} |p14 eSTaretanemannodmannoSThevaHparo lupyate // {When followed by eSTaH, etana, eman, odman, oSTha, or evaH, an a-vowel is elided.} |p15 ivarNokArau yavakArau // {An i-vowel and u become respectively y and v.} |p16 udAttayo/Sca paro 'nudAttaH svaritam // {And, when they are acute, a following grave becomes circumflex.} |p17 UbhAve ca // {Also when U is the prduct of the combination.} |p18 na /SyetI mithunI // {Exceptions are /SyetI and mithunI.} |p19 lupyete tvavarNapUrvau yavakArau // {But y and v are elided, when preceded by an a-vowel.} |p20 nokhyasya // {Not so, according to ukhya.} |p21 vakArastu sAMk.rtyasya // {Not v, according to sAMk.rtya.} |p22 ukAraukAraparau lupyete mAcAkIyasya // {According to mAcAkIya, both are omitted when followed by u or o.} |p23 le/So vAtsaprasyaitayoH // {According to vAtsapra, they are imperceptibly uttered.} |p24 na plutapragrahau // {Exceptions are protracted and pragraha vowels.} |p25 para/Sca para/Sca // {Also the remaining vowel.} |c11 |p1 lupyate tvakAra ekAraukArapUrvaH // {But a is elided when preceded by e or o.} |p2 athAlopaH // {Now follow cases of non-elision.} |p3 dhAtArAtirupavAjapeyajuSTa/SyenAyokhyadhruvakSitiriyamevasAyAgnirmUrdhArudraprathamopottamavikarSavihavyahiraNyavarNIyayAjyAmahAp.rSThye // {The a is not elided in the following sections: those beginning with dhAtA rAtiH and upa; those styled vAjapeya; those beginning with juSTa and /SyenAya; those styled ukhya; those beginning with dhruvakSitiH, iyam eva sA yA, and agnir mUrdhA; the first and the next to the last of the rudra chapter; and those styled vikarSa, vihavya, hiraNyavarNIya, yAjyA, and mahAp.rSThya.} |p4 a~Mhaso~MhatiraniST.rto'vantvasmAnavadyAdahani ca // {Also in a~MhasaH, a~MhatiH, aniST.rtaH, avantv asmAn, avadyAt, and ahani.} |p5 anu gharmAsaApomartorathastvodattevAtaHpUrvaH // {Also in anu, when preceded by gharmAsaH, ApaH, martaH, rathaH, tvaH, datte, and vAtaH.} |p6 abhivAtvapa/Sca // {Also (after vAtaH) in abhi vAtu and apaH.} |p7 anvagamacca // {Also (after apaH) in anu and agamat.} |p8 ApaHpUrvo 'dbhirapAMnapAdasmAn // {Also in adbhiH, apAM napAt, and asmAn, when preceded by ApaH.} |p9 rAyesaindraHpUrva/ScAkArapare // {In asmAn, also, if followed by a, when rAye, saH, and indraH precede.} |p10 tepUrvo 'dyAndho'~M/Suragne // {Also in adya, andhaH, a~M/SuH, and agne, when te precedes.} |p11 mepUrva/Sca // {In agne, also, when preceded by me.} |p12 asyA/SvinAparA ca // {As also, in asya, a/SvinA, and aparA.} |p13 naHpUrvo 'sadagniraghAntamo'bhyasminnadyapathi // {Also in asat, agniH, agha, antamaH, abhi, asmin, and adya pathi, when preceded by naH.} |p14 namaHpUrvo 'gre'/Svebhyo'griyAya // {Also in agre, a/SvebhyaH, and agriyAya, when preceded by namaH.} |p15 AvinnaHsomaHpUrvo 'gniparaH // {Also when AvinnaH or somaH precedes and agni follows.} |p16 dhIrAso'dabdhAsaekAda/SAsa.rSINAMputraH/SAryAte'SADhaHpitAraHp.rthivIyaj~NaAsateyeg.rhNAmyagrevA~MeSajaj~Nesa~MsphAnoyuvayoryaHp.rSThepatirvogo/SuSmaHpuvaHsamiddha.rSabhaHpAthovacovarSiSThejuSANoyorudrov.rSNaHpUrvaH // {Also a is retained when preceded by dhIrAsaH, adabdhAsaH, ekAda/SAsaH, .rSINAM putraH, /SAryAte 'SADhaH, pitAraH, p.rthivI yaj~Ne, Asate ye, g.rhNAmy agre, vA~M eSaH, jaj~Ne, sa~MsphAnaH, yuvayor yaH, p.rSThe, patir vaH, go, /SuSmaH, puvaH, samiddhaH, .rSabhaH, pAthaH, vacaH, varSiSThe, juSANo, yo rudraH, or v.rSNaH.} |p17 aratimasyayaj~NasyAtidruto'tiyantyan.rNo'viSyannanamIvo'nneSvarcirajItAnajyAnimahniyAambAlyarvantamastvak.rNoda.Ngiro'psuyoaskabhAyadacyuto'/Svasanirasthabhira/Si/Sreda.Nge'ghniya // {Also in aratim, asya yaj~Nasya, atidrutaH, atiyanti, an.rNaH, aviSyan, anamIvaH, anneSu, arciH, ajItAn, ajyAnim, ahniyAH, ambAli, arvantam, astu, ak.rNot, a.NgiraH, apsu yaH, askabhAyat, acyutaH, a/SvasaniH, asthabhiH, a/Si/Sret, a.Nge, and aghniya.} |p18 adhvara svarapare // {Also in adhvara, when a vowel follows [the r].} |p19 sa pUrvasyArdhasad.r/SamekeSAmardhasd.r/SamekeSAm // {In the opinion of some, it becomes half-similar with its predecessor.} |c12 |p1 atha lopaH {Now for cases of elision.} |p2 asi // {The a of asi is elided.} |p3 na garbhaHsaMnaddhoyamobhadraHpUrvaH // {But not when garbhaH, saMnaddhaH, yamaH, or bhadraH precedes.} |p4 yavanahaparaH svarapareSu // {a is elided before y, v, n, and h, when these are followed by a vowel.} |p5 jakAragnapara udAttaH // {Before j and gn, a is elided if acute.} |p6 movacodadhAnasthepUrva/Sca // {Before gn, also when preceded by maH, vacaH, dadhAnaH, and sthe.} |p7 abhyAvartinnapUpamapidadhAmyadyAnvaditiH/SarmAgnerjihvAmagnayaHpaprayo'smAkamasmedhattA/SmA/SvA/Srutira/SyAmAmAryamannasmatpA/SAnasminyaj~Ne'stAvyathamAnAbhidrohamadhAyyado'tho'dugdhAariSTAarathAarcantyantarasyAmatrasthAnnAyA.Ngirasvadakaram // {The a is elided in abhyAvartin, apUpam, api dadhAmi, adyAnu, aditiH, /Sarma, agner, jihvAm, agnayaH, paprayaH, asmAkam, asme dhatta, a/SmA, a/SvA wherever found, a/SyAma, amA, aryaman, asmatpA/SAn, asmin yaj~Ne, astA, avyathamAnA, abhidroham, adhAyi, adaH, atho, adugdhAH, ariSTAH, arathAH, arcanti, antar asyAm, atra stha, annAya, a.Ngirasvat, and akaram.} |p8 gAhamAnojAyamAnohetayomanyamAnovanaspatibhyaHpatesridhastapasaHsvadhAvobhAmito'gnayaAyo'dhvaryokratopUrvaH // {An a is elided when preceded by gAhamAnaH, jAyamAnaH ketayaH, manyamAnaH, vanaspatibhyaH, pate, sridhaH, tapasaH, svadhAvaH, bhAmitaH, agnayaH, Ayo, adhvaryo, and krato.} |p9 tasminnanudAtte pUrva udAttaH svaritam // {When the elided a is grave, the preceding dipthong, if acute, becomes circumflex.} |p10 udAtte cAnudAtta udAttam // {When it is acute, the preceding dipthong, if grave, becomes acute.} |p11 svarita/Sca sarvatra svarita/Sca sarvatra // {As also, in every case, if circumflex.} |c13 |p1 atha makAralopaH // {Now for the omission of m.} |p2 rephoSmaparaH // {A m is omitted, when followed by r or a spirant.} |p3 yavakArapara/ScaikeSAmAcAryANAm // {As also, according to some teachers, when followed by y or v.} |p4 na sa~MsAmiti rAparaH // {But not the m of sam and sAm, when followed by rA.} |p5 atha varNAnAm // {Now of individual sounds.} |p6 .rkArarkAraraSapUrvo nakAro NakAra~M samAnapade // {Within the same word, a n preceded by .r, R, r, or S, becomes N.} |p7 vyaveto 'pi // {Even though other sounds are interposed.} |p8 hiraNmayam // {Also in hiraNmayam.} |p9 pANigaNapuNyakaNvakANagANabANaveNuguNamaNipravAdeSu pUrvaH // {Also, in the inflectional and derivative forms of pANi, gaNa, puNya, kaNva, kANa, gANa, bANa, veNu, guNa, and maNi, the first nasal is N.} |p10 paNipaNiMvIyamaNaUNyoH // {Also in paNi, paNim, vIyamANaH, and UNyoH.} |p11 TavargaparaH // {Also before a lingual mute.} |p12 ca.NkuNaphaNatsthUNauhiNuyAddhiNotikauNeyo'NiSThAulbaNamugaNA/Sruti/ScupuNIkAbANijAyANava/ScATNArasthANuMtUNavevINAyAma/SloNayApaNetavANIHkalyANIkuNapaMvANaH/Sata/SoNA/SrutirdhANikAmeNI // {Also in ca.NkuNa, phaNat, sthUNau, hiNuyAt, hiNoti, kauNeyaH, aNiSThAH, ulbaNam, ugaNA wherever found, cupuNIkA, bANijAya, aNava/S ca, ATNAraH, sthANum, tUNave, vINAyAm, a/SloNayA, paNeta, vANIH, kalyANI, kuNapam, vANaH /Sata, /SoNA wherever found, dhANikA, and meNI.} |p13 avagraho v.rSaNchIrSaNbrahmaNakSaNcarmaNcarSaN // {As final of the former member of a compound, N is found in v.rSaN, /SIrSaN, brahmaN, akSaN, carmaN, and carSaN.} |p14 .rNaSaNaSNamNarAvNa ceti prAk.rtAH // {Also in .rNN, SaNN, SN, mN, and rAvN --- these are original.} |p15 na Sumno 'gniryuSmAnIto 'nto 'lopAtspar/Saparo vyavAyeSu /SasacaTatavarjIyeSu // {But not in Sumna, agni, and yuSmAnIta; nor when final; nor after the omission of an a; nor when followed by a mute; nor when /S, s, or a palatal, lingual, or labial mute intervenes.} |p16 p.rktasvarAtparo lo DaM pauSkarasAdeH pauSkarasAdeH // {In the opinion of pauSkarasAdi, l after a mixed vowel becomes D.} |c14 |p1 svarapUrvaM vya~NjanaM dvivarNaM vya~Njanaparam // {A consonant preceded by a vowel is doubled, if followed by a consonant.} |p2 lavakArapUrva spar/Sa/Sca pauSkarasAdeH // {Likewise, according to pauSkarasAdi, a mute preceded by l or v.} |p3 spar/Sa evaikeSAmAcAryANAm // {According to some teachers, the mute only.} |p4 rephAtparaM // {Also a consonant that follows r.} |p5 dvitIyacaturthayostu vya~NjanottarayoH pUrvaH // {In place, however, of second and fourth mutes, when followed by consonants, is put the preceding mute.} |p6 rephapUrvayo/Sca nityam // {As also, in all cases, when they follow r.} |p7 lakArapUrve ca // {And when l precedes.} |p8 upasargapAthaeSo'tyAtidhAmaparamabhUtepUrveSu chakhibhujeSu ca // {Also the preceding mute is inserted before ch, khi, and bhuja, when these follow either a preposition, pAtha eSaH, ati, Ati, dhAma, parama or bhUte.} |p9 aghoSAdUSmaNaH paraH prathamo 'bhinidhAna spar/SaparAttasya sasthAnaH // {After a surd spirant followed by a mute is inserted a first mute of the same position with the latter, as abhinidhAna.} |p10 aghoSe plAkSeH // {According to plAkSi, when the following mute is surd.} |p11 uttamaparAttu plAkSAyaNasya // {But according to plAkSAyaNa, on the contrary, when the following mute is a nasal.} |p12 prathama USmaparo dvitIyam // {A first mute followed by a spirant is changed into its corresponding aspirate.} |p13 bADabhIkArasyAsasthAnaparaH // {According to bADabhikAra, when the following spirant is not of the same position with it.} |p14 atha na // {Now for exceptons.} |p15 avasAne ravisarjanIyajihvAmUlIyopadhmAnIyAH // {A consonant before a pause is not doubled; nor r, visarjanIya, jihvAmUlIya, or upadhmAnIya.} |p16 USmA svaraparaH // {Nor a spirant, when followed by a vowel.} |p17 prathamapara/Sca plAkSiplAkSAyaNayoH // {Or, according to plAkSi and plAkSAyaNa, when followed by a first mute.} |p18 USmAghoSo hArItasya // {According to hArIta, a surd spirant is not doubled.} |p19 rephapara/Sca hakAraH // {Nor h, when followed by r.} |p20 Tavarga/Sca tavargaparaH // {Nor a lingual mute, when followed by a dental.} |p21 latavargau yavakAraparau // {Nor l nor a dental mute, when followed by y or v.} |p22 para/Sca // {Nor the following.} |p23 savarNasavargIyaparaH // {A letter followed by one homogeneous with itself, or one of the same mute-series, is not duplicated.} |p24 nAnuttama uttamaparaH // {Unless, indeed, it be a non-nasal followed by a nasal.} |p25 athaikeSAmAcAryANAm // {Now for the views of certain teachers.} |p26 lakAro ha/SavakAraparaH // {A l is not doubled when followed by h, /S, or v.} |p27 spar/Sa spar/SaparaH // {Nor a mute that is followed by a mute.} |p28 padAnta/Sca vya~NjanaparaH prAk.rtaH // {Nor an original final that is followed by a consonant.} |p29 udAttAtparo 'nudAttaH svaritam // {A grave following an acute becomes circumflex.} |p30 vya~NjanAntarhito 'pi // {Even when consonants intervene.} |p31 nodAttasvaritaparaH // {Not, however, when an acute or circumflex follows.} |p32 nAgnive/SyAyanasya // {Not so, according to Agnive/SyAyana.} |p33 sarvo netyeke sarvo netyeke // {Some say not, in all cases.} |c15 |p1 nakArasya rephoSmayakArabhAvAllupte ca malopAcca pUrvasvaro 'nunAskaH // {In case of the conversion of n into r, a spirant, or y --- also when the y is omitted --- or in case of the omission of m, the preceding vowel becomes nasal.} |p2 naikeSAm // {Some deny this.} |p3 tatastvanusvAraH // {And claim that, on the contrary, anusvAra is inserted after the vowel.} |p4 srAdiSu caikapada USmaparaH // {anusvAra is also inserted in the case of sra etc., in a single word, before a spirant.} |p5 nAntavikArAtpUrvaH // {Not before an altered final.} |p6 apragrahAH samAnAkSarANyanunAsikAnyekeSAm // {According to some authorities, the simple vowels, except the pragrahas, are nasalized.} |p7 padaM ca pluta~M /SA.NkhAyanakANDamAyanayoH // {As is also, according to /SA.NkhAyana and kANDamAyana, a protracted pada.} |p8 akArastu sa~MhitAyAmapi // {An a, however, is nasalized in sa~MhitA also.} |p9 sarvamekayamaM pUrveSA~M sarvamekayamaM pUrveSAm // {According to the former ones, all is of one pitc} |c16 |p1 atha sakAraparAH // {Now for cases in which s follows.} |p2 sra/SohapA/Sa padAdayaH svarapare // {sra, /So, ha, pA, and /Sa, at the beginning of a pada, take anusvAra before a s that is followed by a vowel.} |p3 vik.rte 'pi // {Even when the vowel is altered.} |p4 rApUrva/Sca // {As also, when they are preceded by ra.} |p5 /Sa~MstAnantodAtte // {Also in /Sa~MstA, except when it is accented on the final syllable.} |p6 a/Sa~Msan // {Also in a/Sa~Msan.} |p7 na /SasanaM vi/Sasanena // {But not in /Sasanam and vi/Sasanena.} |p8 mA padAdiranudAttaH // {mA takes anusvAra when beginning a pada and unaccented.} |p9 pumIpUrva/S nityam // {As also when preceded by pu or mI, under all circumstances.} |p10 sakAyapara/Sca // {And when followed by sakAya.} |p11 nAvagrahapUrvaH // {But not when preceded by a former member of a compound.} |p12 mAsimAsumAsomAsAmiti ca // {Nor in mAsi, mAsu, mAsaH, or mAsAm.} |p13 hipujigAjighAcha~Msine'ta~MsayadAtA~MsItkanIyAjyAyAdrAghIyAraghIyA/SreyAhrasIyAvasIyAbhUyA~MsojakSivAjaghnivAjigivAjIgivAtasthivAdA/SvAdIdivApapivApIpivAvidvAvivi/SivA/Su/SruvAsas.rvA // {The followin words have anusvAra before s: hi, pu, jigA, jighA, cha~Msine, ata~Msayat, AtA~MsIt, kanIyA, jyAyA, drAghIyA, raghIyA, /SreyA, hrasIyA, vasIyA, bhUyA~MsaH, jakSvA, jaghnivA, jigivA, jIgivA, tasthivA, dA/SvA, dIdivA, papivA, pIpivA, vidvA, vivi/SivA, /Su/SruvA, sas.rvA.} |p14 AkArekArokArAH siSiparAH padAntayoH // {The vowels A, I, and U have anusvAra, when they are followed by si or Si final.} |p15 vik.rte 'pi // {Eve when the i is altered.} |p16 anAkAro hrasva~M sAMk.rtyasya // {According to sAMk.rtya, the vowel, except A, is short.} |p17 na pade dvisvare nityam // {Not, under any circumstances, in a dissylabic word.} |p18 .rjISijigAsijighAsyajAsiyajAsidadAsidadhAsivartayAsi ca // {Nor in .rjISi, jigAsi, jighAsi, ajAsi, yajAsi, dadAsi, dadhAsi, and vartayAsi.} |p19 da~MsanAbhyoda~Msobhirda~MsaMv.rSada~M/Soda~M/SukAda~MSTrAbhyAM paraH // {In da~MsanAbhyaH, da~MsobhiH, da~Msam , v.rSada~M/SaH, da~M/SukA, and da~MSTrAbhyAm, anusvAra is taken in the latter place.} |p20 ma~Msyema~Msataiya~Msadya~Msanva~Msateva~MsagaH // {Also in ma~Msye, ma~Msatai, ya~Msad, ya~Msan, va~Msate, and a~MsagaH.} |p21 unna va~M/Sam // {Also in va~M/Sam, after ut or na.} |p22 akra~Mstakra~Msyatera~Msyatebhra~M/Sate // {Also in akra~Msta, kra~Msyate, ra~Msyate, and bhra~M/Sate.} |p23 ra~Mhyai ca // {And also in ra~Mhyai.} |p24 aikAra ukhyasya nitAntaH // {The ai, according to ukhya, is excessive.} |p25 viritri saMkhyAsu // {Also in vi, ri, and tri, in numerals, except in su.} |p26 /Si~M/SumAraH/Si~MSatsa~M/SvAsa~MsrAsa~Ms.rSTasa~Msk.rtyasa~Mk.rtasa~M/Sitasa~M/SitAki~M/Silaki~M/SilA // {Also in /Si~M/SumAraH, /Si~MSat, sa~M/SvA, sa~MsrA, sa~Ms.rSTa, sa~Msk.rtya sa~Mk.rta, sa~M/Sita, sa~M/SitA, ki~M/Sila, and ki~M/SilA.} |p27 sit.rd.r hakAraparaH // {Also after si, t.r, or d.r, when h follows.} |p28 ma~MhiSThasya ca // {As also, in ma~MhiSThasya.} |p29 Adira~Mhatira~Mho'~Mhora~Mhomugatya~MhAa~Mhaso'~MhasA~M/Sama~M/Subhira~M/SabhuvA~M/Sva~M/SUa~M/Savo'~M/Sura~M/Suma~M/SUna~M/SunA~M/Sora~M/SAyopA~M/Sva~M/Sau // {Also, after the first vowel, in a~MhatiH, a~MhaH, a~MhoH, a~Mhomuc, atya~MhAH, a~MhasaH, a~MhasA, a~M/Sam, a~M/SubhiH, a~M/SabhuvA, a~M/Su, a~M/SU, a~M/SavaH, a~M/SuH, a~M/Sum, a~M/SUn, a~M/SunA, a~M/SoH, a~M/SAya, upA~M/Su, and a~M/Sau //} |p30 avagraha udAtto '~Mse '~MsAyA~MsAbhyAma~MsAviti // {Also in a~Mse, a~MsAya, a~MsAbhyAm, and a~Msau, when accented on the first syllable.} |p31 nAsAvA nAsAvA // {But not in asAv A.} |c17 |p1 tIvrataramAnunAsikyamanusvArottameSviti /SaityAyanaH // {/SaityAyana says that the nasal quality is stronger in anusvAra and the nasal mutes.} |p2 sama~M sarvatreti kauhalIputraH // {kauhalIputra says that it is the same everywhere.} |p3 anusvAre 'Nviti bhAradvAjaH // {bhAradvAja says it is faint in anusvAra.} |p4 nAkArasya rephoSmayakArabhAvAllupte ca malopAccottaramuttaraM tItrataramiti sthaviraH kauNDinyaH // {Old kauNDinya says that when n is converted into r, or into a spirant, or into y(with loss of the y), or when m is lost, it is stronger in each case successively.} |p5 vya~NjanakAla/Sca svarasyAtrAdhikaH // {And to the vowel is added, in this case, the time of a consonant.} |p6 svAravikramayord.rDhaprayatnataraH pauSkarasAdeH // {pauSkarasAdi says the utterance of svAra and vikrama is attende with firmer effort.} |p7 prayatnavi/SeSAtsarvavarNAnAmiti /SaityAyanaH // {/SaityAyana says, of all the letters, according to their difference of effort.} |p8 nAtivyaktaM na cAvyaktamevaM varNAnudi.Ngayet / payaHpUrNamivAmatra~M harandhiro yathAmati // ityAtreya AtreyaH // {Atreya says, one must utter the sounds not over-distinctly and not indistinctly; taking, as it were, a vessel filled with drink, steady, according to the sense.} |c18 |p1 okAraM tu praNava eke 'rdhat.rtIyamAtraM bruvate // {As praNava, some utter o with two and a half moras.} |p2 udAttAnudAttasvaritAnAM kasmi~M/Sciditi /SaityAyanaH // {/SaityAyana says it is to be utterd with either one of acute, grave, or circumflex.} |p3 dh.rtapracayaH kauNDinyasya // {According to kauNDinya, it is a sustained pracaya.} |p4 madhyamena sa vAkprayogaH // {That application of the voice is with middle tone.} |p5 svaritaH plAkSiplAkSAyaNayoH // {According to plAkSi and plAkSAyaNa, it is circumflexed.} |p6 udAtto vAlmIkeH // {According to vAlmIki, it is acute.} |p7 yathAprayogaM vA sarveSAM yathAprayogaM vA sarveSAm // {All allow that it may also be according to the application.} |c19 |p1 svaritayormadhye yatra nIca~M syAdudAttayorvAnyatarato vodAttasvaritayoH sa vikramaH // {Where a syllable of low tone occurs between two circumflex syllables, or two acute, or two of which either one is acute and the other circumflex, that is vikrama.} |p2 pracayapUrva/Sca kauNDinyasya // {As also, according to kauNDinya, when a pracaya precedes.} |p3 dviyama eke dviyamapare tA aNumAtrAH // {According to some, in a circumflex syllable that is followed by a circumflex, quarter moras are so.} |p4 tasyAmeva prak.rtau // {In that very material.} |p5 na pUrva/SAstre na pUrva/SAstre // {Not in the former teaching.} |c20 |p1 ivarNokArayoryavakArabhAve kSaipra udAttayoH // {When i, I, and u are converted into y or v, the accent is kSaipra, if they were acute.} |p2 sayakAravakAraM tvakSaraM yatra svaryate sthite pade 'nudAttapUrve 'pUrve vA nitya ityeva jAnIyAt // {But where a syllable containing a y or v is circumflexed in a fixed word, begin preceded by a grave syllable, or not preceded by anything, that is to be known as nitya.} |p3 api cennAnApadasthamudAttamatha cetsA~Mhitena svaryate sa prAtihataH // {If, moreover, there is an acute standing in another word, then, if there be a circumflex resulting from a rule of combination, it is prAtihata.} |p4 tasmAdakAralope 'bhinihataH // {After such a one, in case of the loss of an a, it is abhinihata.} |p5 UbhAve pra/SliSTaH // {Where an U results, it is pra/SliSTa.} |p6 padaviv.rttyAM pAdav.rttaH // {Where there is a hiatus between two words, it is pAdav.rtta.} |p7 udAttapUrvastairovya~NjanaH // {Where an acute precedes, it is tairovya~Njana.} |p8 iti svAranAmadheyAni // {These are the names of the circumflex accents.} |p9 kSaipranityayord.rDhataraH // {In the kSaipra and nitya, the effort is firmer.} |p10 abhinihate ca // {As also in the abhinihata.} |p11 pra/SliSTaprAtihatayorm.rdutaraH // {In the pra/SliSTa and prAtihata, it is gentler.} |p12 tairovya~NjanapAdav.rttayoralpataro 'lpataraH // {In the tairovya~Njana and pAdav.rtta, it is feebler.} |c21 |p1 vya~Njana~M svarA.Ngam // {The consonant is adjunct of a vowel.} |p2 tatparasvaram // {And it belongs to the following vowel.} |p3 avasitaM pUrvasya // {A consonant in pausa belongs to the preceding vowels.} |p4 saMyogAdi // {Also the first consonant of a group.} |p5 pareNa cAsa~Mhitam // {And one that is not combined with the following vowel.} |p6 anusvAraH svarabhakti/Sca // {Also anusvAra and svarabhakti.} |p7 nAntasthAparamasavarNam // {But not a consonant that is followed by a semivowel, if dissimilar with it.} |p8 nAsivyAH // {Nor the nose-sounds.} |p9 spar/Sa/ScoSmapara USmA cetpara/Sca // {Nor a mute that is followed by a spirant --- provided the following spirant is likewise in the same case.} |p10 svaritAtsa~MhitAyAmanudAttAnAM pracaya udAtta/SrutiH // {Of grave syllables following a circumflex in saMhitA there is pracaya, having the tone of acute.} |p11 nodAttasvaritaparaH // {But not when an acute or circumflex follows.} |p12 spar/SAdanuttamAduttamaparAdAnupUrvyAnnAsikyAH // {After a non-nasal mute, when it is followed by a nasal, are inserted, in theri order, nose-sounds.} |p13 tAnyamAneke // {Some call these yamas.} |p14 hakArAnnaNamaparAnnAsikyam // {After h, when followed by n, N, or m, is inserted nAsikya.} |p15 rephoSmasaMyoge rephasvarabhaktiH // {In the combination of r and a spirant, there is a svarabhakti of r.} |p16 na krame prathamapare prathamapare // {But not in case of krama, when a first mute follows the spirant.} |c22 |p1 /SabdaH prak.rtiH sarvavarNAnAm // {Tone is the material of all articulate sounds.} |p2 tasya rUpAnyatve varNAnyatvam // {In the difference of form of the former consists the difference of the latter.} |p3 tatra /SabdadravyANyudAhariSyAmaH // {Here we will instance the offices of terms.} |p4 varNakArau nirde/Sakau // {varuNa and kAra are indicatory.} |p5 cApItyanvAde/Sakau // {ca and api are implicative.} |p6 tvathaiveti vinivartakAdhikArakAvadhArakAH // {tu, atha, and eva are exceptional, introductory, and restrictive, respectively.} |p7 veti vaibhASikaH // {vA is alternative.} |p8 neti pratiSedhakaH // {na is prohibitive.} |p9 AyAmo dAruNyamaNunA khasyetyuccaiHkarANi /Sabdasya // {Tension, hardness, smallness of aperture, are producers of high tone.} |p10 anvavasargo mArdavamurutA khasyeti nIcaiHkarANi // {Relaxation, softness, wideness of aperture, are producers of low tone.} |p11 mandramadhyamatArANi sthAnAni bhavanti // {Soft, middle, and loud are the three qualities.} |p12 tatraikavi~M/SatiryamAH // {In them are twenty-one tones.} |p13 .rgvirAmaH padavirAmo viv.rttivirAmaH samAnapadaviv.rttivirAmastrimAtro dvimAtra ekamAtro 'rdhamAtra ityAnuUrvyeNa // {The verse-pause, pada-pause, pause for hiatus, and pause for hiatus in the interior of a word, are respectively of three moras, two moras, one mora, anda a half-mora.} |p14 yadya~NjanAntaM yadu cApi dIrgha~M saMyogapUrvaM ca tathAnunAsikam // etAni sarvANi gurUNi vidyAc cheSANyato 'nyAni tato laghUni // {A syllable that ends with a consonat, one that has a long vowel, one that preceedes a conjuction of consonants, one that is nasal --- all these are to be accounted heavy; the rest, other than these, are light.} |p15 avya~NjanAntaM yaddhrasvamasaMyogaparaM ca yat / ananusvArasaMyuktametallaghu niSodhatai tallaghu nibodhata // {A syllable that does not end with a consonat, that has a short vowel, and that is not followed by a conjunction of consonants, and one that is not combined with anusvAra --- know that to be light.} |c23 |p1 atha varNavi/SeSotpattiH // {Now for the origin of the differences of articulate sounds.} |p2 anupradAnAtsa~MsargAtsthAnAtkaraNavinyayAt / jAyate varNavai/SeSyaM parimANAcca pa~NcamAd iti // {The differentiation of articulate sounds arises from emission, closure, position, disposition of producing organ, and, fifthly, from quantity.} |p3 varNap.rktaH /Sabdo vAca utpattiH // {Sound combined with articulation is the orgin of voice.} |p4 sapta vAca sthAnAni bhavanti // {Of voice, there are seven qualities.} |p5 upA~M/SudhvAnanimadopabdimanmandramadhyamatArANi // {Namely, inaudible, murmur, whisper, mumbling, soft, middle, and loud.} |p6 karaNavada/SabdamamanaHprayogamupA~M/Su // {"Inaudible" is without sound, without application of mind, but with articulating action.} |p7 akSaravya~NjanAnAmanupalabdhirdhvAnaH // {"Murmur" is inaudibleness of syllables and consonants.} |p8 upalabdhirnimadaH // {"Whisper" is their audibleness.} |p9 sa/Sabdamupabdimat // {"Mumbling" is the same, with sound.} |p10 urasi mandraM kaNThe madhyama~M /Sirasi tAram // {"Soft" is in the chest, "middle" in the throat, "loud" in the head.} |p11 mandrAdiSu triSuM sthAneSu saptasapta yamAH // {In the three qualities beginning with "soft," there are seven tones each.} |p12 k.rSTaprathamadvitIyat.rtIyacaturthamandrAtisvAryAH // {Namely, k.rSTa, first, second, third, fourth, mandra, and atisvArya.} |p13 teSAM dIptijopalabdhiH // {Of these, the perception is born of brightness.} |p14 dvitIyaprathamak.rSTAstraya AhvArakasvarAH // {"Second," "first," and k.rSTa are the three tones of the AhvArakas.} |p15 mandrAdayo dvitIyAntA/ScatvArastaittirIyakAH // {The four beginning with mandra and ending with "second" are those of the taittirIyas.} |p16 dvitIyAnmandrastaittirIyANAM t.rtIyacaturthAvanantaraM taccaturyamamityAcakSate // {According to the taittirIyas, the mandra proceeds from the "second," and the "third" and "fourth" come next after: this they style the tone-quaternion.} |p17 tasmindviyamAntarA v.rttiH // {In it, progression is by intervals of two tones.} |p18 tAmupadekSyAmaH // {That progression we will set forth.} |p19 taccaturyamamityuktam // {That is what is called the quaternion of tones.} |p20 kramivakramasaMpannAmadrutAmavilambitAm / nIcoccasvArasaMpannAM vadeddh.rtavatI~M samAM vadeddh.rtavatI~M samAmiti // {It must be uttered with krama and vikrama, not hurried, not delayed, with grave, acute, and circumflex accent, with pracaya, and even.} |c24 |p1 atha catasraH sa~MhitAH // {Now for the four texts.} |p2 padasa~MhitAkSarasa~MhitA varNasa~MhitA.Ngasa~MhitA ceti // {Word-text, syllable-text, letter-text, and member-text, namely.} |p3 nAnApadasaMdhAnasaMyogaH padasa~MhitetyabhidhIyate // {Conjuction of independent words by euphonic combination is called word-text.} |p4 yathAsvamakSarasa~MhitAdInAmapyevam // {And in like manner with the syllable-text and the rest, in accordance with their several names.} |p5 gurutvaM laghutA sAmya~M hrasvadIrghaplutAni ca / lopAgamavikArA/Sca prak.rtirvikramaH kramaH // svaritodAttanIcatva~M /SvAso nAdo '.Ngameva ca / etatsarvaM tu vij~NeyaM chandobhASAmadhIyatA // {Heaviness, lightness, evenness; short, long, and protracted quantity; elision, increment, and euphonic alteration; natural state, vikrama, krama; circumflex, acute, and grave quality; breath, tone, and adjunction --- all this must be understod by him who reads the Veda language.} |p6 padakramavi/SeSaj~No varNakramavicakSaNaH / svaramAmtrAvibhAgaj~No gachedAcAryasa~MsadaM gachedAcAryasa~Msadamiti // {He who understands the distinctions of the pada-krama, who is versed in the varNa-krama, and knows the divisions of accent and quantity, may go and sit with the teachers.}