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Thesaurus Indogermanischer Text- und Sprachmaterialien
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| TITUS |
DIDACTICA |
The Sound System of the Tocharian languages
A) The vowel system:
a) Plain vowels:
| A
| sync.
| ä
| i
| ?
| u
| ?
| unsync.
| ä
| ā
| a
| i
| (ī)
| u
| (ū)
| Proto-Toch.
| ä
| a
| æ
| å
| i
| (ī)
| u
| (ū)
| B
| phonol.
| ä
| a
| e
| o
| i
| (ī)
| u
| (ū)
| unacc.
| ä
| a
| e
| o
| i
| (ī)
| u
| (ū)
| acc.
| a
| ā
| e
| o
| i
| ī
| u
| ū | | | | | |
b) Diphthongs:
| A
| sync.
| ?
| ?
| ?
| ?
| unsync.
| i
| e
| u
| o
| Proto-Toch.
| äi̯
| ai̯
| æi̯
| åi̯
| äu̯
| au̯
| æu̯
| åu̯
| B
| phonol.
| äi̯
| ai̯
| ei̯
| oi̯
| äu̯
| au̯
| eu̯
| ou̯
| MQ
| i
| āy,ai(y)
| ey,ei
| oy,oi
| i
| āw,au(w)
| ew,eu
| ow,ou
| normal
| i
| ai
| u
| au | | | | | |
c) Derivation from Proto-I.E.:
| Proto-I.E.
| r̥
| l̥
| m̥
| n̥
| e
| ē
| o
| ō
| ə1-3
| a
| ā
| i
| ī
| u
| ū
| Pre-Proto-Toch.
| ər
| əl
| əm
| ən
| ε
| e
| o
| a
| a
| a
| ɒ
| ɪ
| i
| ʊ
| u
| Proto-Toch.
| non-pal.
| är
| äl
| äm
| än
|
|
| æ
| a
| å
| ä
| i
| ä
| u
| pal.
|
| ä
| æ
|
|
|
|
|
|
| | | | |
B) The consonant system:
a) Consonant inventory:
| A
| k(w)
| k
| ś
| ts
| t
| c
| s
| ṣ
| p
| m
| n
| ny
| r
| l
| ly
| y
| w
| Proto-Toch.
| kw
| k
| ćʲ
| c
| t
| čʲ
| s
| šʲ
| p
| pʲ
| m
| mʲ
| n
| nʲ
| r
| rʲ
| l
| lʲ
| y
| wʲ
| w
| B
| normal
| kw
| k
| ś
| ts
| t
| c
| s
| ṣ
| p
| m
| n
| ny
| r
| l
| ly
| y
| w
| sec.pal.
|
| ky
|
| tsy
|
|
|
|
| py
| my
|
|
| ry
|
|
|
| | | | |
b) Derivation of stops (voiceless aspirates ignored): Model 1): Split of dentals by contact assibilation (Toch. ts < *t,d,dh)
| Proto-I.E.
| gw
| gwh
| kw
| g
| ǵ
| gh
| ǵh
| k
| ḱ
| dz
| dhz
| ts
| d
| dh
| t
| b
| bh
| p
| Pre-Proto-Toch.
| I.
| gw
| gwh
| kw
| g
| ǵ
| gh
| ǵh
| k
| ḱ
| dz
| dhz
| ts
| d
| dh
| t
| b
| bh
| p
| II.
| k՚w
| gw
| kw
| k՚
| g
| k
| c՚
| ʒ
| c
| t՚
| d
| t
| p՚
| b
| p
| III.
| k՚w
| gw
| kw
| k՚
| g
| k
| c՚
| ʒ
| c
| ՚
| d
| t
| p՚
| b
| p
| IV.
| k՚w
| kw
| k՚
| k
| c՚
| c
| ՚
| t
| p՚
| p
| Proto-Toch.
| non-pal.
| kw
| k
| ts
| #
| t
| p
| pal.
| ćʲw
| ćʲ
| čʲ
| pʲ | | | | | | |
c) Derivation of stops (voiceless aspirates ignored): Model 2): Split of dentals by spontaneous assibilation (Toch. ts < *dh only)
| Proto-I.E.
| gw
| gwh
| kw
| g
| ǵ
| gh
| ǵh
| k
| ḱ
| d
| dh
| t
| b
| bh
| p
| Pre-Proto-Toch.
| I.
| k՚w
| gw
| kw
| k՚
| g
| k
| t՚
| d
| t
| p՚
| b
| p
| II.
| k՚w
| gw
| kw
| k՚
| g
| k
| ՚
| ʒ
| t
| p՚
| b
| p
| III.
| kw
| k
| ՚
| ʒ
| t
| p
| Proto-Toch.
| non-pal.
| kw
| k
| #
| c
| t
| p
| pal.
| ćʲw
| ćʲ
| čʲ
| pʲ | | | | | |
d) Derivation of stops (voiceless aspirates ignored): Model 3): Same, with early palatalization
| Post-Proto-I.E.
| gw
| gwh
| kw
| gwʲ
| gwhʲ
| kwʲ
| g
| ǵ
| gh
| ǵh
| k
| ḱ
| gʲ
| ǵʲ
| ghʲ
| ǵhʲ
| kʲ
| ḱʲ
| dʲ
| dh
| t
| d
| dh
| t
| bʲ
| bhʲ
| pʲ
| b
| bh
| p
| Pre-Proto-Toch.
| k՚w
| gwh
| kw
| ć՚w
| j́w
| ćw
| k՚
| g
| k
| k՚ʲ
| gʲ
| kʲ
| t՚ʲ
| dʲ
| tʲ
| t՚
| d
| t
| p՚ʲ
| bʲ
| pʲ
| p՚
| b
| p
| k՚w
| gwh
| kw
| ć՚w
| j́w
| ćw
| k՚
| g
| k
| k՚ʲ
| gʲ
| kʲ
| k՚ʲ
| dʲ
| tʲ
| ՚
| ʒ
| t
| p՚ʲ
| bʲ
| pʲ
| p՚
| b
| p
| Proto-Toch.
| kw
| ćʲw
| k
| ćʲ
| č
| ՚
| c
| t
| pʲ
| p | | | |
e) Proto-Tocharian palatalization (ʲæ < ē vs. æ < o):
| A
| śa
| ca
| ṣa
| ña
| lya
| ra
| ma
| pa
| wa
| ya
| B
| śe
| ce
| ṣe
| ñe
| lye
| re
| me
| pe
| ye
| ye
| Proto-Toch.
| ć(w)ʲæ
| ćʲæ
| čʲæ
| šʲæ
| nʲæ
| lʲæ
| rʲæ
| mʲæ
| pʲæ
| wʲæ
| i̯æ
| Proto-I.E.
| gwhē
| gwē
| kwē
| Ghē
| Gē
| Kē
| dhē
| dē
| tē
| sē
| nē
| lē
| rē
| mē
| bhē
| bē
| pē
| u̯ē
| i̯ē
| #ē
| gwho
| gwe
| kwo
| Gho
| Ge
| Ko
| dho
| do
| to
| so
| no
| lo
| ro
| mo
| bho
| bo
| po
| u̯o
| i̯o
| #o
| Proto-Toch.
| kwæ
| kæ
| cæ
| æ
| tæ
| sæ
| næ
| læ
| ræ
| mæ
| pæ
| wæ
| yæ
| æ
| B
| kwe
| ke
| tse
| e
| te
| se
| ne
| le
| re
| me
| pe
| we
| ye
| e
| A
| kwa
| ka
| tsa
| a
| ta
| sa
| na
| la
| ra
| ma
| pa
| wa
| ya
| a | | | | | | | |
f) Proto-Tocharian palatalization (ʲä < *e vs. ä < *ə):
| A
| śä
| cä
| ṣä
| ñä
| lyä
| rä
| mä
| pä
| wä
| yä
| B
| śä
| cä
| ṣä
| ñä
| lyä
| rä
| mä
| pä
| yä
| yä
| Proto-Toch.
| ć(w)ʲä
| ćʲä
| čʲä
| šʲä
| nʲä
| lʲä
| rʲä
| mʲä
| pʲä
| wʲä
| i̯ä
| Proto-I.E.
| gwhe
| gwe
| kwe
| Ghe
| Ge
| Ke
| dhe
| de
| te
| se
| ne
| le
| re
| me
| bhe
| be
| pe
| u̯e
| i̯e
| #e
| gwhə
| gwe
| kwə
| Ghə
| Ge
| Kə
| dhə
| də
| tə
| sə
| nə
| lə
| rə
| mə
| bhə
| bə
| pə
| u̯ə
| i̯ə
| #ə
| Proto-Toch.
| kwä
| kä
| cä
|
| tä
| sä
| nä
| lä
| rä
| mä
| pä
| wä
| yä
| ä
| B
| kwä
| kä
| tsä
| ä
| tä
| sä
| nä
| lä
| rä
| mä
| pä
| wä
| yä
| ä
| A
| kwä
| kä
| tsä
| ä
| tä
| sä
| nä
| lä
| rä
| mä
| pä
| wä
| yä
| ä | | | | | | | |
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Copyright Jost Gippert
Frankfurt a/M 2000. No parts of this document may be republished in any form
without prior permission by the copyright holder.