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Thesaurus Indogermanischer Text- und Sprachmaterialien
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| TITUS |
DIDACTICA |
Tocharian Declension
Primary Cases
| V. 1.
| Non-human: *yäkwæ "horse"
| Human: *ænkwæ "man, human being"
|
| A
| Proto-Toch.
| B
| A
| Proto-Toch.
| B
|
| Nom.Sg.
| yuk
| *yäkwæ
| yakwe
| oṅk
| *ænkwæ
| *eṅkwe
| Obl.Sg.
| oṅkaṃ
| *ænkwæn(-ä)
| eṅkweṃ
| Nom.Pl.
| yukañ
|
| *yakwi
| *oṅkañ
|
| eṅkwi
| Obl.Pl.
| y(u)kas
| *yäkwæns ?
| yakweṃ
| oṅkas
| *ænkwæns ?
| eṅkweṃ
| Gen.Sg.
| *yukes
| *yäkwænsæ
| yäkwentse
| *oṅkes
| *ænkwænsæ
| *enkwentse
| Gen.Pl.
| *yukaśśi
|
| *yäkweṃts
| *oṅkaśśi
|
| *enkweṃts
| Adj. *-ši̯æ
| yukaṣi
| *yäkwæši̯æ
| yäkweṣṣe
| oṅkaṣi
| *ænkwæši̯æ
| eṅkweṣṣe
| Adj. *-ňi̯æ
| *yukañi
| *yäkwæňi̯æ
| yäkweññe
| oñi
| *ænkwäňi̯æ
| eṅkwaññe | | | | | | | |
Endings of Secondary Cases
|
| A
| MQ
| B
| "Locative"
| -aṃ
| -ne
| -ne
| "Ablative"
| -äṣ
| -meṃ
| -meṃ
| "Allative"
| -ac
| -ś, -śc, -ścä
| -ś, -śc, -śco
| "Perlative"
| -ā
| -sā
| -sa
| "Instrumental"
| -yo
| /
| /
| "Comitative"
| -aśśäl
| -mpā
| -mpa
| "Causal"
| /
| -ñ
| -ñ | | | | | | | |
Sample Paradigms
|
| A
| MQ
| B
|
| Sing.
| Plur.
| Sing.
| Plur.
| Sing.
| Plur.
| Nom.
| yuk
| yukañ
| yäkwe
| *yäkwi
| yakwe
| *yakwi
| Obl.
| yukas
| *yäkweṃ
| yakweṃ
| Loc.
| yukaṃ
| *yukasaṃ
| *yäkwene
| *yäkweṃne
| *yakwene
| *yakweṃne
| Abl.
| *yukäṣ
| *yukasäṣ
| *yäkwemeṃ
| *yäkweṃmeṃ
| *yakwemeṃ
| *yakweṃmeṃ
| All.
| *yukac
| *yukasac
| yäkweścä
| *yäkweṃścä
| *yakweś(c)
| *yakweṃś(c)
| Perl.
| yukā
| yukasā
| *yäkwesā
| *yäkwentsā
| *yakwesa
| *yakwentsa
| Instr.
| *yukyo
| yukasyo
| /
| /
| /
| /
| Comit.
| *yukaśśäl
| *yukasaśśäl
| yäkwempā
| *yäkweṃmpā
| yakwempa
| *yakweṃmpa
| Caus.
| /
| /
| *yäkweñ
| *yäkweṃñ
| *yäkweñ
| *yäkweṃñ
| Gen.
| yukes
| *yukaśśi
| *yäkwentse
| *yäkweṃts
| *yäkwentse
| *yäkweṃts
| Adj.I
| yukaṣi
| yäkweṣṣe
| *yäkweṣṣe
| Adj.II
| *yukañi
| yäkweññe
| *yäkweññe
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
| A
| MQ
| B
|
| Sing.
| Plur.
| Sing.
| Plur.
| Sing.
| Plur.
| Nom.
| oṅk
| onkañ
| eṅwe
| *eṅkwi
| eṅkwe, eṅwe
| eṅwi
| Obl.
| oṅkaṃ
| *oṅkas
| *eṅkweṃ
| *eṅkweṃ
| eṅweṃ
| eṅweṃ
| Loc.
| oṅknaṃ
| *oṅksaṃ
| *eṅkweṃne
| *eṅkweṃne
| eṅwene
| *eṅkweṃne
| Abl.
| *oṅknäṣ
| *oṅksäṣ
| *eṅkweṃmeṃ
| *eṅkweṃmeṃ
| *eṅkweṃmeṃ
| *eṅkweṃmeṃ
| All.
| *oṅknac
| *oṅksac
| *eṅkweṃśc
| *eṅkweṃśc
| *eṅkweṃś(c)
| *eṅkweṃś(c)
| Perl.
| *oṅknā
| *oṅksā
| *eṅkwentsā
| *eṅkwentsā
| *eṅkwentsa
| *eṅkwentsa
| Instr.
| oṅkyo
| *oṅkäsyo
|
|
|
|
| Comit.
| *oṅknaśśäl
| *oṅksaśśäl
| *eṅkweṃmpā
| *eṅkweṃmpā
| *eṅkweṃmpa
| *eṅkweṃmpa
| Caus.
|
|
| *eṅkweñ
| *eṅkweñ
| *eṅkweñ
| *eṅkweñ
| Gen.
| oṅkis
| *oṅkaśśi
| *eṅkwentse
| *eṅkweṃts
| eṅwentse
| *eṅkweṃts
| Adj.I
| *oṅkaṣi
| *eṅkweṣṣe
| *eṅkweṣṣe
| Adj.II
| oñi
| *eṅkwäññe
| eṅkwaññe, eṅkwañe | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Derivation of Secondary Cases
(> = regular sound change, → = metanalysis, ⇒ substitution after metanalysis):
|
|
| Singular
| Plural
|
| Obl.
| Pr.-Toch.
| *i̯äkuæ ( < *éḱu̯om ?)
| *i̯äkuæns ( < *éḱu̯ons)
| Pr.-A/B
| *yuk
| *y'äkwe
| *yukas
| *y'äkwen
| A/B morpholog.
| {yuk}
| {yäkwe}
| {yukas}
| {yäkwen}
|
| A/B phonolog.
| /yuk/
| /y'äkwe/
| /yukás/
| /y'äkwen/
|
| A/B phonet.
| [yuk]
| [yákwe]
| [yukás]
| [yákwen]
|
| A/B graphem.
| 〈yuk〉
| 〈yakwe〉
| 〈yukas〉
| 〈yakweṃ〉
|
| Perl.
| Pr.-Toch.
| *i̯äkuæ + ā
| *i̯äkuæns + ā
| Pr.-A/B
| *yukâ
| *y'äkwe'ā
| *yukasā
| *y'äkwens'ā
| A/B morpholog.
| *{yuka-ā} → {yuk-ā}
| †{yäkwe-ā} ⇒ {yäkwe-sā}
| {yukas-ā}
| {yäkwens-ā} → {yäkwen-sā}
|
| A/B phonolog.
| /yuk'ā/
| †/y'äkwe'ā/ ⇒ /y'äkwes'ā/
| /yukásā/
| /y'äkwens'ā/
|
| A/B phonet.
| [yuk'ā]
| †[yákwea] ⇒ [yákwesa]
| [yukásā]
| [yákwensa]
|
| A/B graphem.
| 〈yukā〉
| †〈yakwa〉 (?) ⇒ 〈yakwesa〉
| 〈yukasā〉
| 〈yakweṃ(t)sa〉
|
| All.
| Pr.-Toch.
| *i̯äkuæ + cä
| *i̯äkuæns + cä
| Pr.-A/B
| *yukac
| *y'äkwec'ä
| *yukasc
| *y'äkwensc'ä
| A/B morpholog.
| {yuka-c} → {yuk-ac}
| †{yäkwe-cä} ⇒ {yäkwe-scä}
| †{yukas-c} ⇒ {yukas-ac}
| {yäkwens-cä} → {yäkwen-scä}
|
| A/B phonolog.
| /yukác/
| †/y'äkwec'ä/ ⇒ /y'äkweśc'ä/
| †/yukásc/ ⇒ /yukásac/
| /y'äkwensc'ä/
|
| A/B phonet.
| [yukác]
| †[yákwec(o)] ⇒ [yákweś(c(o))]
| †[yukáśäc] ⇒ [yukásac]
| [yákwenś(c(o))]
|
| A/B graphem.
| 〈yukac〉
| †〈yakwec〉 ⇒ 〈yakweś(c(o))〉
| †〈yukaśc〉 ⇒ 〈yukasac〉
| 〈yakwenś(c(o))〉
|
| Lok.
| Pr.-Toch.
| *i̯äkuæ + næ
| *i̯äkuæns + næ
| Pr.-A/B
| *yukan
| *y'äkwenè
| *yukasän
| *y'äkwen(s)ne ?
| A/B morpholog.
| {yuka-n} → {yuk-an}
| {yäkwe-ne}
| †{yukas-n} ⇒ {yukas-an}
| {yäkwens-ne}
|
| A/B phonolog.
| /yukán/
| /y'äkwenè/
| †/yukásn/ ⇒ /yukásan/
| /y'äkwennè/ ?
|
| A/B phonet.
| [yukán]
| [yákwene]
| †[yukásän] ⇒ [yukásan]
| [yákwenne]
|
| A/B graphem.
| 〈yukan〉
| 〈yakwene〉
| †〈yukasän〉 ⇒ 〈yukasaṃ〉
| 〈yakweṃne〉
| | | | | | | | |
System-immanent reasons of metanalyses:
A-Tocharian:
Loss of stem-final vowel in obl.sg. in word-final position but not in forms enlarged with suffixes:
| Obl.Sg.
|
| All.Sg.
|
| Obl.Pl.
|
| All.Pl.
|
|
|
| All. ending
|
|
| *yuk
| :
| *yukac
| →
| *yukas
| :
| ×
| ×
| =
| *yukasac
| ≠
| †yukasc
| →
| -ac
|
|
| *yuk
| :
| *yukan
| →
| *yukas
| :
| ×
| ×
| =
| *yukasan
| ≠
| †yukasän
| →
| -an
|
|
| Obl.Sg.
|
| Loc.Sg.
|
| Obl.Pl.
|
| Loc.Pl.
|
|
|
| Loc. ending
| |
B-Tocharian:
Loss of -s in the ending of the obl.pl. in final position but not in forms enlarged with suffixes:
| Obl.Pl.
|
| Perl.Pl.
|
| Obl.Sg.
|
| Perl.Sg.
|
|
|
| Perl. ending
|
| *yäkwen
| :
| *yäkwensā
| →
| *yäkwe
| :
| ×
| ×
| =
| *yäkwesā
| ≠
| †yäkwā
| →
| *-sā
| *yäkwen
| :
| *yäkwenscä
| →
| *yäkwe
| :
| ×
| ×
| =
| *yäkwescä
| ≠
| †yäkwecä
| →
| *-scä
| Obl.Pl.
|
| All.Pl.
|
| Obl.Sg.
|
| All.Sg.
|
|
|
| All. ending | | |
N.B.: Direction of metanalysis is Sg. → Pl. in A, Pl. → Sg. in B.
Literature:
J. Gippert, Zu den sekundären Kasusaffixen des Tocharischen, in: TIES 1, 1987, 22-39.
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Copyright Jost Gippert
Frankfurt a/M 2000. No parts of this document may be republished in any form
without prior permission by the copyright holder.