TITUS Didactica: Elements of Avestan Verb Morphology

2. "Semantic-functional" scheme of the Young-Avestan verbal system (after J.Kellens, Le verbe avestique, 432):

Temps

Modes

passé antérieur

passé

passé préalable

présent

postériorité

réel

imparfait

réel

simple

injonctif présent

réel

indicatif parfait

réel

indicatif présent

éventuel-potentiel

subjonctif aoriste

éventuel-potentiel

subjonctif présent

itératif

optatif présent augmenté

imaginaire

optatif présent

irréel

optatif parfait

éventuel

subjonctif parfait

allocutif

précatif

optatif présent ou aoriste

prescriptif

impératif présent ou optatif présent

préventif

impératif présent ou optatif présent

inhibitif

injonctif présent

correctif

e) Present stem formation:

athematic formations
Name	OInd.Cl.	OInd.	Bthl.-Cl.	Avest.	PIIr.	PIE.
athematic root present	II.	éti	1.	aēiti	*ái̯ti	**h₁éi-ti
same, of seṭ roots		brávīmi	22.	mraomī	*mláu̯əmi	**mléuH-mi
same, long grade (Narten present)		stáumi	15.	stāumī	*stāu̯mi	**stḗu-mi
athematic denominatives		bhiṣákti	32.	*bišašti	*bʰišáćti	*bʰiséǵ-ti
i-reduplicated root present	III.	síṣakti	5.	hišhaxti	*síšakti	*si-sek^w-ti
e-reduplicated root present		dádhāti	5.	dadāitī	*dʰádʰāti	**dʰe-dʰoh₁-ti
intensive		carkarmi	7.	*čarəkarəimi	*čárkarmi	*ker-korH-mi
n-infix present	VII.	rinákti	8.	irinaxti	*linákti	**li-né-k^w-ti
nu-present	V.	śṛṇóti	10.	surunaoiti	*ćḷnáu̯ti	**ḱl-né-u-ti
(u-present)	VIII.	karómi
nā-present	IX.	prīṇā́ti	11.	*frīnāitī	*prinā́ti	**pri-né-H-ti
thematic formations
Name	OInd.Cl.	OInd.	Bthl.-Cl.	Avest.	PIIr.	PIE
full-grade thematic present	I.	bhárati	2.	baraitī	*bʰárati	**bʰér-e-ti
"-d- present"			18.	auua-ŋ^whabdaēta	*au̯a-su̯abdai̯ta	*-su̯ep=d=e-ih₁-to??
"long-grade" thematic present		bhrā́jati	4.	brāzaiti	*bʰrāj́ati	**bʰréh₁ǵ-e-ti
-v-e- present		jī́vati	20.	*juuaiti	*ǰī́u̯ati	**g^wíh₃=u̯=e-ti
i-reduplicated thematic present		tíṣṭhanti	6.	hištənti	*stíštʰanti	**sti-sth₂-e=nti
zero-grade thematic present	VI.	sṛjánti	3.	hərəzənti	*sḷǰánti	**sḷg-é=nti
same, with -n- infix		siñcánti	9.	*hincinti	*sinčánti	**si-n-k^w-é=nti
-sḱ-é- suffix present		pṛcháti	14.	pərəsaiti	*pṛćśćáti	**pṛḱ-sḱ-é-ti
desiderative		dípsati	16.	*diβžaiti	*dʰídʰbʰzati	**dʰi-dʰbʰ-s-e-ti
-i̯e- present, with full-grade root	IV.	náśyati	26.	nasiieiti	*náći̯ati	**néḱ-i̯e-ti
same, with long-grade root?			28.	*rāmiieiti	*rāmi̯ati	?
same, with zero-grade root		drúhyati	27.	družaiti	*dʰrúǰʰi̯ati	**dʰrúgʰ-i̯e-ti
same, passive-formation		mriyáte	"	miriieite	*mṛi̯átai̯	**mṛ-i̯é-toi̯
-i̯é- denominatives		bhiṣajyáti	31.	*bišažiieiti	*bʰiša^wi̯áti	**bʰišeǵ-i̯é-ti
-en-i̯é- denominatives		iṣanyáti	13.	pərəsaniieiti
-eH-i̯é- derivatives		gṛbhāyáti	23.	*gəuruuāiieiti	*gʰṛbʰāi̯áti	**gʰṛbʰ-eh₂-i̯é-ti
-i̯é- with reduplicated root (intensive)		dediṣyáte	29.	*rārišiieiti
-s-i̯é- future		vakṣyánti	17.	*vaxšiienti	*u̯akši̯áti	**u̯ek^w-s-i̯é-ti
-éi̯e- (causative)	X.	tāpáyati	30.	tāpaiieiti	*tāpái̯ati	**top-éi̯e-ti
-éi̯e-formation with zero-grade root	X.	iṣáyati	24.	*išaiieiti	*išái̯ati	*is-éi̯e-ti

d) Aorist stem formation:

athematic formations
Name	OInd.Cl.	OInd.	Bthl.-Cl.	Avest.	PIIr.	PIE.
athematic root aorist	(I.)	(á)kár	(1.)	čōrət	*(á)čárt	*(é-)k^wér-t
s-aorist		(a)maṃsi	S1	mə̄ṇghī	*(á)mánsi	**(é-)mén-s-i
iṣ-aorist (s-aorist of seṭ-roots)		neṣat	S2	naēšat̰	*nai̯əšat	*nei̯H-s-e-t
siṣ-aorist		ayāsiṣam	S3
thematic formations
Name	OInd.Cl.	OInd.	Bthl.-Cl.	Avest.	PIIr.	PIE.
zero-grade thematic root aorist	(II.)	(á)vidát	(3.)	vīdat̰	*(á)u̯idát	**(é-)u̯id-é-t
same, with reduplication		(á)vócat	(6.)	vaočat̰	*(á)u̯áu̯čat	**(é-)u̯é-u̯k^w-e-t
-ı̄̆-reduplication (causative)		(á)jī́janat	(14.)	*zīzanat̰	*(á)j́īj́an'at	**(é-)ǵi-ǵn̥h₁-e-t

The Old Avestan verbal desinences

Active

1.Sg.

2.Sg.

3.Sg.

1.Du

2.Du.

3.Du.

1.Pl.

2.Pl.

3.Pl.

Lgg.

Present Indicative

athem.

-mī

-hī,-šī

-tī

-uuahī

-mahī

-ϑā/-tā

-aⁱtī, -əṇtī

OAv.

-mi

-hi,-ši

-ti

-uuahi

-tō

-mahi

-ϑa/-ta

-aⁱti, -əṇti

YAv.

-mi

-si, -ṣi

-ti

-vaḥ !

-t^haḥ

-taḥ

-maḥ / -masi

-t^ha

-ati, -nti

Ved.

-mi

-si, -ši

-ti

-u̯as !

-t^has

-tas

-mas !

-t^ha

-ati, -nti

PIIr.

-mi

-si

-ti

-u̯^e/_os

-t^he/_os

-t^e/_os

-m^e/_os

-t^he

-ṇti, -nti

PIE.

< -m+i

< -s+i

< -t+i

-u̯^e/_o+s

-t^he/_o+s

-t^e/_o+s

-m^e/_o+s

-t^he

-ṇt+i, -nt+i

them.

°ā(mī)

°a-hī

°a-tī, °iie-ⁱtī

°ā-mahī

°a-ϑā

°ə-ṇtī, °iie-iṇtī

OAv.

°ā(mi)

°a-hi

°a-ti, °iie-ⁱti

°a-tō

°ā-mahi

°a-ϑa

°ə-ṇti, °iie-ⁱṇti

YAv.

°āmi

°a-si

°a-ti, °ya-ti

°ā-vaḥ

°a-thaḥ

°a-taḥ

°ā-maḥ / °ā-masi

°a-t^ha

°a-nti, °ya-nti

Ved.

°ā

°a-si

°a-ti,°i̯a-ti

°ā-u̯as

°a-t^has

°a-tas

°ā-mas !

°a-t^hā

°a-nti, °i̯a-nti

PIIr.

°ō

°e-si

°e-ti, °i̯e-ti

°o-u̯^e/_os

°e-t^he/_os

°e-t^e/_os

°o-m^e/_os

°e-t^he

°o-nti, °i̯o-nti

PIE.

< °o-h₂

<°e-s+i

<°e-t+i, °i̯e-t+i

<°o-u̯^e/_o+s

<°e-t^he/_o+s

< °e-t^e/_o+s

°o-m^e/_o+s

°e-t^he

<°o-nt+i, °i̯o-nt+i

Present Injunctive/
Imperfect/
Aorist Indicative

athem.

-m, -əm

-s, -š, °å̄

-t̰, °s-[t], °š-t

-uuā

-mā

-tā

-at̰, -n, -ən

OAv.

-m, -əm

-s, -š, °å̄

-t̰, °s-[t], °š-t

-uua

-təm

-ma

-ta

-at̰, -n, -ən

YAv.

-m, -am

-s, -ṣ, °ā-ḥ

-t, °s-[t], -ṭ

-va

-tam

-tām

-ma

-ta

-at, -n

Ved.

-m, -am

-s, -š, °ā-s

-t, °s-[t], °š-t

-u̯a

-tam

-tām?

-ma

-ta

-at, -n

PIIr.

-m, -ṃ

-s

-t

-u̯^e/_o

-t^e/_om?

-m^e/_o

-te

-ṇt, -nt

PIE.

<-m

< -s

< -t

< -u̯^e/_o

< -t^e/_om?

< -m^e/_o

< -te

< -nt

them.

°ō

°a-t̰

°ā-mā

°ə-n

OAv.

°ə-m

°ō

°a-t̰

°a-təm

°ā-ma

°a-ta

°ə-n

YAv.

°a-m

°a-ḥ

°a-t

°ā-va

°a-tam

°a-tām

°ā-ma

°a-ta

°a-n

Ved.

°a-m

°a-s

°a-t

°ā-u̯a

°a-tam

°a-tām?

°ā-ma

°a-ta

°a-nt

PIIr.

°o-m

°e-s

°e-t

°o-u̯^e/_o

° e-t^e/_om?

°e-t^e/_om?

°o-m^e/_o

°e-te

°o-nt

PIE.

< °o-m

< °e-s

< °e-t

< °o-u̯^e/_o

< ° e-t^e/_om?

< °e-t^e/_om?

< °o-m^e/_o

< °e-te

< °o-nt

Perfect Indicative

-ā

-ϑā / -tā

-ā

-mā

-ar^ə̄̆/ -ər^əš

OAv.

-a

-ϑa / -ta

-a

-atar^ə

-ma

-ar^ə/ -ər^əš

YAv.

-a

-tha

-a

-vá

-áthur

-átur

-má

-á

-úr

Ved.

-'a

-t^ha

-a

-u̯á

-át^hṛ'

-átṛ'

-má

-á

-ṛ' / -ṛš

PIIr.

-ha

-t^ha ?

-e

-u̯é

-ét^hṛH?

-étṛH?

-mé

-é

-ṛH / -ṛs

PIE.

< -h₂e

< -th₂e?

< -e

< -u̯é

< -ét^hṛ?

< -étṛ?

< -mé

< -é

< -ṛ

Subjunctive

athem.

pr.

=ā, =ā-nī; °ii=ē

=a-ⁱtī

=a-ϑā

=ə-ntī / =a-ⁱṇtī

OAv.

=a, =ā-ni; °ii=e

=a-ⁱti

=a-tō

=a-ϑa

=ə-nti / =a-ⁱṇti

YAv.

=ā, =ā-ni; °y=ā

=a-si

=a-ti

=a-thaḥ

=a-taḥ

=a-tha

Ved.

=ā, =ā-ni; °i̯=ā

=a-si

=a-ti

=a-t^has

=a-tas

=a-t^ha

=a-nti

PIIr.

=ō

=e-si

=e-ti

=e-t^he/_os?

=e-t^e/_os?

=e-t^he

=o-nti

PIE.

< =o-h₂

< =e-s+i

< =e-t+i

< =e-t^he/_o+s?

< =e-t^e/_o+s?

< =e-t^he

< =o-nt+i

sec.

=ō

=a-t̰

=ā-mā

=ə-n

OAv.

=ō

=a-t̰

=ā-ma

=ə-n

YAv.

=a-ḥ

=a-t

=ā-va

=ā-ma

=a-n

Ved.

=a-s

=a-t

=ā-u̯a

=ā-ma

=a-nt

PIIr.

=e-s

=e-t

=o-u̯^e/_o

=o-m^e/_o

=o-nt

PIE.

< =e-s

< =e-t

<=o-u̯^e/_o

<=o-m^e/_o

< =o-nt

them.

pr.

°ā,°ā-nī

°ā-hi

°ā-ⁱtī

°ā-ϑā

°å̄-ṇtī

OAv.

°a, °ā-ni

°ā-hi

°ā-ⁱti

°ā-tō

°ā-ϑa

°å̄-ṇti

YAv.

°ā,°ā-ni

°ā-si

°ā-ti

°ā-thaḥ

°ā-taḥ

°ā-tha

Ved.

°ā,°ā-ni

°ā-si

°ā-ti

°ā-t^has

°ā-tas

°ā-t^hā

°ā-nti

PIIr.

°ō

°ē-si

°ē-ti

° ē-t^he/_os

°ē-t^e/_os

°ē-t^he

°ō -nti

PIE.

< °o=o-h₂

< °e=e-s+i

< °e=e-t+i

<°e=e-t^he/_o+s

< °e=e-t^e/_o+s

< °e=e-t^he

< °o=o-nt+i

sec.

°å̄

°ā-t̰

°ā-mā

°ą-n

OAv.

°å̄

°ā-t̰

°ā-uua

°ā-ma

°ą-n

YAv.

°ā-ḥ

°ā-t

°ā-va

°ā-ma

°ā-n

Ved.

°a-s

°ā-t

°ā-u̯a

°ā-ma

°ā-nt

PIIr.

°ē-s

°ē-t

°ō-u̯^e/_o

°ō-m^e/_o

°ō-nt

PIE.

< °e=e-s

< °e=e-t

<°o-o-u̯^e/_o

< °o=o-m^e/_o

< °o=o-nt

Optative

athem.

=iią-m / =iiə̄-m

=iiå̄

=iiā-t̰ / =ī-t̰

=iiā-mā / =ī-mā

=iiā-tā

=iiā-r^əš

OAv.

=iią-m / =iiə̄-m

=iiå̄

=iiā-t̰ / =ī-t̰

=ī-təm

=iiā-ma / =ī-ma

=iiā-ta

=iiā-r^əš

YAv.

=yā-m

=yā-ḥ

=yā-t

=yā-va

=yā-tam

=yā-tām

=yā-ma

=yā-ta

=yur

Ved.

=i̯ā-m

=i̯ā-s

=i̯ā-t

=i̯ā-u̯a

=i̯ā-tam

=i̯ā-tām?

=i̯ā-ma

=i̯ā-ta

=i̯ā-rš / i̯ṛ' ?

PIIr.

=i̯ē-m

=i̯ē-s

=i̯ē-t

=i̯ē- u̯^e/_o

=i̯ē-t^e/_om?

=i̯ē- m^e/_o

< =i̯ē- te

=i̯ē-rs? /=i̯ṛ' ?

PIE.

< =i̯eh₁-m

<=i̯eh₁-s

< =i̯eh₁-t

< =i̯eh₁- u̯^e/_o

< =i̯eh₁-t^e/_o+m?

< =i̯eh₁-m^e/_o

< =i̯eh₁-te

<= i̯eh₁-rs ? /=i̯h₁-rH ?

them.

°ōi-š

°ōi-t̰

°aē-mā / °ōi-mā

OAv.

°ōi-š

°ōi-t̰

°aē-ma

°aē-ta

°aii-ən

YAv.

°ey-am

°e-ḥ

°e-t

°e-va

°e-tam

°e-tām

°e-ma

°e-ta

°ey-ur

Ved.

° a=i̯'-am

°a=i̯'-š

°a=i̯'-t

°a=i̯'-u̯a

°a=i̯'-tam

°a=i̯'-tām ?

°a=i̯'-ma

°a=i̯'-an / °a=i̯'-ṛ' ?

PIIr.

° o=i̯'-ṃ

°o=i̯'-s

°o=i̯'-t

°o=i̯'-u̯a

°o=i̯'-t^e/_om?

°o=i̯'-m^e/_o

°o=i̯'-te

°o=i̯'-ṛ' ?

PIE.

<° o=i̯h₁-m

<°o=i̯h₁-s

<°o=i̯h_1-t

<°o=i̯h₁- u̯^e/_o

<°o=i̯h₁- t^e/_o+m?

<°o=i̯h₁- m^e/_o

<°o=i̯h₁-te

<°o=i̯h₁- ṛH ?

Imperative

athem.

-dī / -šī

-tū

-tā

-ə̄ṇtū/-aṇtū

OAv.

-di/ -ši

-tu

-ta

-əṇtu/-aṇtu

YAv.

-dhí / -ṣi

-tu

-tám

-tā́m

-tá / -tána

-ántu / -atu

Ved.

-d^hí / -ši

-tu

-tám

-tā́m

-tá

-ántu / -atu

PIIr.

-d^hi / -si

-tu

-t^e/_om?

-té

-éntu / -ṇtu

PIE.

<-d^hi / -si

< -tu

< t^e/_o+m?

< -té

< -éntu / -ntu

them.

°ā

°a-tū, °iiō-tū

°a-tā

OAv.

°a

°a-tu, °iiō-tu

°a-ta

°ə-ṇtu

YAv.

°a

°a-tu, °ya-tu

°a-tam

°a-tām

°a-ta

°a-ntu

Ved.

°a

°a-tu, °i̯a-tu

°a-tam

°a-tām

°a-ta

°a-ntu

PIIr.

°e

°e-tu

°e-t^e/_om?

°e-te

°o-ntu

PIE.

< °e-Ø

< °e-tu

<°e-t^e/_o+m?

<°e-te

°o-ntu

1.Sg.

2.Sg.

3.Sg.

1.Du

2.Du.

3.Du.

1.Pl.

2.Pl.

3.Pl.

Medium (+ Stative, Passive)

1.Sg.

2.Sg.

3.Sg.

1.Du

2.Du.

3.Du.

1.Pl.

2.Pl.

3.Pl.

Lgg.

Present Indicative

athem.

-ōi, -ē

-ŋ́hē

-tē, -dē / -ōi, -ē

-maidē, -madaē+

-duiiē

-aⁱtē

OAv.

-e

-ŋ́he

-te / -e

-maide, -madaē+

-ϑβe

-aⁱte

YAv.

-é

-sé, -ṣé

-té / -é

-váhe

-ā́the

-ā́te

-máhe

-dhvé

-áte

Ved.

-'ái̯

-sái̯

-tái̯ / -ái̯

-u̯ád^hai̯

-ā́t^hai̯

-ā́tai̯

-mád^hai̯

-d^hu̯ái̯

-átai̯

PIIr.

-hái̯

-sói̯

-tói̯ / -éi̯

-u̯éd^ha ?

-ōt^ha ?

-ōtoi̯ ?

-méd^ha ?

-d^hu̯é ?

-ṇ́toi̯

PIE.

< -h₂e+i

<-so+i

< -to+i / -e+i

< -u̯édh₂e ?

< -oh₁+th₂e ?

< -oh₁+to+i ?

< -médh₂e ?

< -d^hu̯é ?

< -ntó+i

them.

°ē

°a-ⁱtē, °iie-tē

°a-maidē

°ō-duiiē

°ə-ṇtē, °i-ṇtē; °iie-ṇtē

OAv.

°e

°a-ŋ́he

°a-ⁱte, °iie-te

°ō-iϑe

°aēte

°a-maide

°a-ϑβe

°ə-ṇte,°i-ṇte; °iie-ṇte

YAv.

°e

°a-se

°a-te, °ya-te

°ā-vahe

°ethe

°ete

°ā-mahe

°a-dhve

°a-nte

Ved.

°a'i

°a-sai̯

°a-tai̯, °i̯a-tai̯

°ā-u̯ad^hai̯

°a-i̯t^hai̯

°a-i̯tai̯

°ā-mad^hai̯

°a-d^hu̯ai̯

°a-ntai̯

PIIr.

°o-hai̯

°e-soi̯

°e-toi̯

°o-u̯ed^ha ?

°o-i̯t^ha ?

°o-i̯to ?

°o-med^ha ?

°e-d^hu̯e ?

°o-ntoi̯

PIE.

<°o-h2e+i ?

< °e-so+i

< °e-to+i

<°o-u̯edh₂e ?

< °oih₁+th₂e ?

< °oih₁+to ?

<°o-medh₂e ?

<°e-d^hu̯e

<°o-nto+i

Present Injunctive/
Imperfect/
Aorist Indicative

athem.

-ī

-ŋhā, -žā

-tā, -dā / -ī

-uuaidī

-ātəm

-maidī

-dūm

-ātā

OAv.

-i

-ŋha, -ža

-ta, -da / -i

-uuaidi

-ātəm

-maidi

-dūm, δβəm

-ata, nta

YAv.

-i

-thāḥ

-ta / -i

-vahi

-āthām

-ātām

-mahi

-dhvam

-ata

Ved.

-'i

-sa / -t^hās

-ta / -i

-u̯ad^hi

-āt^hām

-ātām ?

-mad^hi

-d^hu̯am

-ata

PIIr.

-'i

-so / -t^hās

-to / -i

-°u̯ed^hi

-ōt^hām ?

-ōt^ē/_ōm ?

-med^hī

-d^hu̯om

-ṇto

PIE.

< -h₂i ?

<-so / -th₂ēs ?

< -to / -i

< -u̯edh₂i ?

< -oh₁+th₂e+om ?

< -oh₁+to+om ?

< -medh₂i ?

<-d^hu̯o+m

< -nto

them.

°a-tā

°aētəm

°ə̄̆-ṇtā, °iia-ṇtā

OAv.

°e

°a-ŋha

°a-ta

°aētəm

°ə̄̆-ṇta, °iia-ṇta

YAv.

°e

°a-thāḥ

°a-ta

°ā-vahi

°ethām

°etām

°ā-mahi

°a-dhvam

°a-nta, °ya-nta

Ved.

°ai̯

°a-sa / °a-t^hās

°a-ta

°ā-u̯ad^hi

°a-i̯t^hām

°a-i̯tām ?

°ā-mad^hi

°a-d^hu̯am

°a-nta, °i̯a-nta

PIIr.

°o-hi

°e-so / °e-t^hās

°e-to

°o-u̯ed^hi

°o-i̯t^hām

°o-i̯tōm

°o-med^hi

°e-d^hu̯om

°o-nto

PIE.

< °o-h₂i

<°e-so / °e-th₂ās

<°e-to

< °o-u̯edh₂i ?

< °oih₁+th₂e+om ?

< °oih₁+to+om ?

< °o-medh₂i ?

< °e-d^hu̯o+m

< °o-nto

Perfect Indicative

-ōi, -ē

OAv.

-e

-āⁱte

YAv.

-é

-sé, -ṣé

-é

-v́ahe

-ā́the

-ā́te

-máhe

-dhvé

-ré

Ved.

-ái̯

-sái̯

-ái̯

-u̯ád^hai̯

-ā́t^hai̯

-ā́tai̯

-mád^hai̯

-d^hu̯ai̯

-rai̯

PIIr.

-hai̯ ?

-soi̯ ?

-ei̯ ?

-u̯éd^ha ?

-ōt^ha ?

-ōtoi̯ ?

-méd^ha ?

-d^hu̯é ?

-roi̯

PIE.

< -h₂e+i

<-so+i

< -to+i / -e+i

< -u̯édh₂e ?

< -oh₁+th₂e ?

< -oh₁+to+i ?

< -médh₂e ?

< -d^hu̯é ?

< -ró+i

Subjunctive

athem.

pr.

=ā-nē / =āi

=a-ŋhōi/=a-ŋ́hē

=a-ⁱtē

=aētē

=ā-maidē

=a-duiiē

=ə-ntē / =a-ṇtē

OAv.

=ā-ne / =āi

=a-ŋ́he

=a-ⁱte

=aēte

=ā-maide

=a-δβe

=ə-nte / =a-ṇte

YAv.

=ai

=a-se

=a-te

=ā-vahai

=aithe

=aite

=ā-mahai

=a-dhve

Ved.

=āi̯

=a-sai̯

=a-tai̯

=a-u̯ad^hai̯

=āi̯thai̯

=āi̯tai̯

=ā-mad^hai̯

=a-dhu̯ai̯

=a-ntai̯

PIIr.

=o-hai̯

=e-soi̯

=e-toi̯

=o-u̯ed^ha ?

=ōi̯t^ha

=ōi̯toi̯

=o-med^ha ?

=e-dhu̯e ?

=o-ntoi̯

PIE.

< =o-h₂a+i

< =e-so+i

< =e-to+i

< =o-u̯edh₂e ?

< =o-oih₁+th₂e ?

< =o-oih₁+to+i ?

< =o-medh₂e ?

< =e-d^hu̯e ?

< =o-nto+i

sec.

OAv.

YAv.

=a-nta

Ved.

=a-nta

PIIr.

=o-nto

PIE.

< =o-nto

them.

pr.

°āi

°ā-ⁱtē

°å̄-ṇtē

OAv.

°āi

°å̄-ŋ́he

°ā-ⁱte

°ā-iϑe

°ā-ite

°å̄-ṇte

YAv.

°ai

°ā-se

°ā-te

°ā-vahai

°aithe

°aite

°ā-mahai

°ā-dhve

°ā-nte

Ved.

°ā-'ai̯

°ā-sai̯

°ā-tai̯

°ā-u̯ad^hāi̯

°āi̯thai̯

°āi̯tai̯

°ā-mad^hai̯

°ā-dhu̯ai̯

°ā-ntai̯

PIIr.

°ō-hai̯

°ē-soi̯

°ē-toi̯

°ō-u̯ed^ha ?

°ōi̯t^ha

°ōi̯toi̯

°ō-med^ha ?

°ē-dhu̯e ?

°ō-ntoi̯

PIE.

< °o=o-h₂a+i

< °e=e-so+i

°e=e-to+i

< °o=o-u̯edh₂e ?

< °o=o-oih₁+th₂e ?

< °o=o-oih₁+to+i ?

< °o=o-medh₂e+ ?

< °e=e-d^hu̯e ?

< °o=o-nto+i

sec.

OAv.

YAv.

Ved.

PIIr.

PIE.

Optative

athem.

=iiā

=ī-šā

=ī-tā

=i-maidi+

OAv.

=iia

=ī-ša

=ī-ta

=i-maidi

YAv.

=ī-yá

=ī-thā́ḥ

=ī-tá

=ī-váhi

=ī-yā́thām

=ī-yā́tām

=ī-máhi

=ī-dhvám

=ī-rám

Ved.

=ī-i̯á

=ī-ša / =ī-t^hā́s

=ī-tá

=ī-u̯ád^hi

=ī-yā́t^hām

=ī-yā́tām

=ī-mád^hi

=ī-d^hu̯ám

=ī-rám

PIIr.

=ī-há

=ī-so / =ī-t^hā́s

=ī-tó

=ī-u̯éd^hi

=ī-ōt^hām ?

=ī-ōt^ē/_ōm ?

=ī-méd^hi

=ī-d^hu̯óm

=ī-róm ?

PIE.

< =ih₁-h₂é

< =ih₁-so / =ih₁-t^h₂ḗs

< =ih₁-tó

< =ih₁-u̯édh₂i ?

< =ih₁-oh₁+th₂e+om ?

<=ih₁-oh₁+to+om ?

< =ih₁-médh₂i ?

<=ih₁-d^hu̯ó+m

<=ih₁-ró+m

them.

°aii-ā / °ōii-ā

°aē-tā

°ōi-maidī

OAv.

°ōii-a

°aē-ša

°aē-ta

°aii-atəm

°ōi-maidi

°ōi-ϑβəm

°aii-aṇta

YAv.

°ey-a

°e-thāḥ

°e-ta

°e-vahi

°ey-āthām

°ey-ātām

°e-mahi

°e-dhvam

°e-ram

Ved.

°a=i̯'-a

°a=i̯-ša / °a=i̯-t^hās

°a=i̯-ta

°a=i̯-u̯ad^hi

°a=i̯i̯-āt^hām

°a=i̯i̯-ātām

°a=i̯-mad^hi

°a=i̯-d^hu̯am

°a=i̯-ram

PIIr.

°o=i̯'-a

°o=i̯'-so / °o=i̯'-t^hās

°o=i̯'-to

°o=i̯'-u̯ed^hi

°o=i̯'-ōt^hām ?

°o=i̯'-ōt^ē/_ōm ?

°o=i̯'-u̯ed^hi

°o=i̯'-d^hu̯om

°o=i̯'-rom

PIE.

< °o-ih_1-h₂e

< °o=ih₁-so / °o=ih₁-t^hās

< °o=ih₁-to

< °o=ih₁-u̯edh₂i

< °o=ih₁-oh₁+th₂e+om ?

< °o=ih₁-oh₁+to+om ?

< °o=ih₁-medh₂i

< °o=ih₁-d^hu̯ó+m

< °o=ih₁-ro+m

Imperative

athem.

-huuā, -šuuā

-dūm

OAv.

-ŋ^uha, -huua, -šuua

-tąm / -ąm

-δβəm

YAv.

-svá, -ṣvá

-tā́m / -ā́m

-āthām

-ātām

-dhvám

-atām

Ved.

-su̯á, -šu̯á

-tā́m / -ā́m

-āt^hām

-ātām

-d^hu̯ám

-atām

PIIr.

-su̯ó

-tōm / -^ē/_ōm

-ōt^hām ?

-ōt^ē/_ōm ?

-d^hu̯óm

-ṇtōm

PIE.

< -su̯ó

< -to+om / -^e/_o+om

< -oh₁+th₂e+om ?

< -oh₁+to+om ?

< -d^hu̯ó+m

< -nto+om

them.

°a-huuā, °ō-huuā

°ā-tąm

°ō-dūm

°ə̄-ṇtąm

OAv.

°a-ŋ^uha, °a-huua, °ō-huuā

°ā-tąm

°ō-δβəm

°ə-ṇtąm

YAv.

°a-sva

°a-tām

°ethām

°etām

°a-dhvam

°a-ntām

Ved.

°a-su̯a

°a-tām

°a-i̯t^hām

°a-i̯tām

°a-d^hu̯am

°a-ntām

PIIr.

°e-su̯o

°e-tōm

°o-i̯t^hām

°o-i̯tōm

°e-d^hu̯om

°o-ntōm

PIE.

< °e-su̯o

°o-to+om

< °oih₁+th₂e+om ?

< °oih₁+to+om ?

< °ō-d^hu̯ó+m

°o-nto+om

1.Sg.

2.Sg.

3.Sg.

1.Du

2.Du.

3.Du.

1.Pl.

2.Pl.

3.Pl.

*: forms reconstructed after existing Young Avestan forms

°: the following element belongs to a primary verbal stem (incl. root stems)

=: the following element constitutes a secondary stem (subjunctive, optative)

-: the following element is a verbal ending proper

bold: the element contains more than one item (thematic vowel, secondary stem vowel, ending)

Achtung: Dieser Text ist mit Unicode / UTF8 kodiert. Um die in ihm erscheinenden Sonderzeichen auf Bildschirm und Drucker sichtbar zu machen, muß ein Font installiert sein, der Unicode abdeckt wie z.B. der TITUS-Font Titus Cyberbit Unicode.

Attention: This text is encoded using Unicode / UTF8. The special characters as contained in it can only be displayed and printed by installing a font that covers Unicode such as the TITUS font Titus Cyberbit Unicode.

Jost Gippert

Singular			Dual			Plural
1. person	2. person	3. person	1. person	2. person	3. person	1. person	2. person	3. person

Stem:	Present stem	Aorist stem	Perfect stem
Aspect/Aktionsart:	imperfective	perfective	resultative
Present:	Indicative Pres.	—	Indicative Perf.
Past:	Indicative Impf.	Indicative Aor.	(Plusqu.)
Extratemporariality / Memoration:	Injunctive Pres.	Injunctive Aor.	(Injunctive Perf.)
Prospectivity / Voluntativity:	Subjunctive Pres.	Subjunctive Aor.	(Subjunctive Perf.)
Cupitivity / Potentiality:	Optative Pres.	Optative Aor.	(Optative Perf.)
Order / Admonition:	Imperative Pres.	Imperative Aor.	(Imperative Perf.)

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