TITUS Didactica: Caucasian Vowel Systems

Thesaurus Indogermanischer Text- und Sprachmaterialien
TITUS	DIDACTICA

Kaukasische Vokalsysteme / Caucasian Vowel Systems

Georgian (Old)¹		front				central			back
Georgian (Old)¹		plain	round	nas.	phar.	plain	nas.	phar.	plain	nas.	phar.
high	long
high	short	i ი							u უ
mid	long	(ē) (ჱ)							(ō) (ჵ)
mid	short	e ე							o ო
low	long
low	short					a ა

Georgian (Modern)² front central back
plain round nas. phar. plain nas. phar. plain nas. phar.
high long
short i
ი u
უ
mid long
short e
ე o
ო
low long
short a
ა

Svan (Upper Bal)³		front				central			back
Svan (Upper Bal)³		plain	round	nas.	phar.	plain	nas.	phar.	plain	nas.	phar.
high	long	ī ი̄	ǖ უ̈̄			ə̄ ̄			ū უ̄
high	short	i ი	ü უ̈			ə 			u უ
mid	long	ē ე̄	ȫ ო̈̄						ō ო̄
mid	short	e ე	ö ო̈						o ო
low	long	ǟ ა̈̄				ā ა̄
low	short	ä ა̈				a ა

Svan (Lashkh) front central back
plain round nas. phar. plain nas. phar. plain nas. phar.
high long ī
ი̄ ə̄
̄ ū
უ̄
short i
ი ə
 u
უ
mid long ē
ე̄ ō
ო̄
short e
ე o
ო
low long ā
ა̄
short a
ა

Svan (Lower Bal) front central back
plain round nas. phar. plain nas. phar. plain nas. phar.
high long
short i
ი ü
უ̈ ə
 u
უ
mid long
short e
ე ö
ო̈ o
ო
low long
short ä
ა̈ a
ა

Svan (Lentekh) front central back
plain round nas. phar. plain nas. phar. plain nas. phar.
high long
short i
ი ə
 u
უ
mid long
short e
ე o
ო
low long
short ä
ა̈ a
ა

Udi ⁴		front				central			back
Udi ⁴		plain	round	nas.	phar.	plain	nas.	phar.	plain	nas.	phar.
high	long
high	short	i и	ü уь		i̱ иІ				u у		u̱ уІ
mid	long
mid	short	e е	ö оь		e̱ еІ				o о		o̱ оІ
low	long
low	short	ä аь				a а		a̱ аІ

Chechen ⁵		front				central			back
Chechen ⁵		plain	round	nas.	phar.	plain	nas.	phar.	plain	nas.	phar.
high	long	ī ий	ǖ уй						ū ув
high	short	i и	ü у	ı ин		ə а			u у	ũ ун
high-mid diphth.	long	īe е	ǖö оь						ūo о
high-mid diphth.	short	ie е	üö оь						uo о
mid	long	ē е							ō о
mid	short	e е		ẽ ен					o о	õ он
mid-low diphth.	long
mid-low diphth.	short
low	long	ǟ аь				ā а
low	short	ä аь	ä̃ аьн			a а	ã ан

Ingush ⁶ front central back
plain round nas. phar. plain nas. phar. plain nas. phar.
high long ī
ий ū
ув
short i
и ı
ин ə
и , а ə̃
ин , ан u
у
high-mid diphth. long
short ie
е uo
о
mid long
short e
е ẽ
ен o
о õ
он
mid-low diphth. long
short ea
аь aa
аа oa
оа
low long ā
а
short ä
аь ä̃
аьн a
а ã
ан

Bats ⁷ front central back
plain round nas. phar. plain nas. phar. plain nas. phar.
high long ī
(ი̄)
�
normal i
ი
и ĩ
ი^ნ
и̃ u
უ
у ũ
უ^ნ
у̃
shortened ĭ
ი̆
ŭ
უ̆

high-high diphth. long
short ui
უჲ
уи uı
უჲ^ნ
у͠и
high-mid diphth. long
short ie
იჲე
иэ iẽ
იჲე^ნ
и͠е
mid-high diphth. long
short ei
ეჲ
еи, эи eĩ
ეჲ^ნ
э͠и oi
ოჲ
ои oĩ
ოჲ^ნ
о͠и
mid long ē
(ე̄)
ō
(ო̄)
о̄
normal e
ე
э ẽ
ე^ნ
е̃, э̃ o
ო
о õ
ო^ნ
о̃
shortened ŏ
ო̆

mid-low diphth. long
short
low-high diphth. long
short ai
აჲ
аи aı
აჲ^ნ
а͠и
low long ā
ა̄
а̄
normal a
ა
а ã
ა^ნ
а̃
shortened

Adyghe (West Circassian)⁸		front				central			back
Adyghe (West Circassian)⁸		plain	round	nas.	phar.	plain	nas.	phar.	plain	nas.	phar.
high	long
high	short					ə ы
(high-high diphth.)	long
(high-high diphth.)	short	(i̯ə) (и)							(u̯ə) (у)
mid	long
mid	short					ă э
(high-mid/low diphth.)	long
(high-mid/low diphth.)	short	(i̯ă) (е)				(i̯a) (я)			(u̯ă) (о)
low	long
low	short					a а

Kabardian (East Circassian)⁹ front central back
plain round nas. phar. plain nas. phar. plain nas. phar.
high long
short (i)
(и) ə
ы (u)
(у)
(high-high diphth.) long
short (i̯ə)
(и) (u̯ə)
(у)
mid long
short (e)
(е) ă
э (o)
(о)
(high-mid/low diphth.) long
short (i̯ă)
(е) (i̯a)
(я)
low long
short a
а

Abkhaz ¹⁰ front central back
plain round nas. phar. plain nas. phar. plain nas. phar.
high long
short (i)
(и) ə
ы (u)
(у)
mid long
short (e)
(е) (o)
(о)
low long (ā)
(аа)
short a
а

Ossetic (Iron)¹¹		front				central			back
Ossetic (Iron)¹¹		plain	round	nas.	phar.	plain	nas.	phar.	plain	nas.	phar.
high	strong	i и							u у
high	weak					ə ы
mid	strong	(e) (е)							o о
mid	weak					æ æ
low	strong					a а
low	weak

Ossetic (Digor)¹² front central back
plain round nas. phar. plain nas. phar. plain nas. phar.
high long ī
�
short i
и u
у
mid long e
е o
о
short æ
æ
low long a
а
short

Armenian (Old)¹³		front				central			back
Armenian (Old)¹³		plain	round	nas.	phar.	plain	nas.	phar.	plain	nas.	phar.
high	long
high	short	i ի							u և
mid	long	(ē) (է)							(ō) (օ)
mid	short	e ե							o ո
low	long
low	short					a ա

1. Georgian (Old): First row: Caucasologists' transcription;
Second row: Original Georgian script (Mkhedruli) [back / zurück]
2. Georgian (Modern): First row: Caucasologists' transcription;
Second row: Original Georgian script (Mkhedruli) [back / zurück]
3. Svan (Upper Bal): First row: Caucasologists' transcription
Second row: Usual Georgian transcription [back / zurück]
4. Udi: First row: Rough transcription;
Second row: Russian transcription as used in: В.Н. Панчвидзе, Е.Ф. Джейранишвили, Удинский язык, in: Языки народов СССР, т. 4, Mосква / Ленинград 1967, 676. [back / zurück]
5. Chechen: First row: Rough transcription;
Second row: Russian orthography (according to Johanna Nichols, Chechen, in: R. Smeets (ed.), The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus, vol. 4, pt. 2, Delmar / N.Y. 1994, 9). [back / zurück]
6. Ingush: First row: Rough transcription;
Second row: Russian orthography (according to: Johanna Nichols, Ingush, in: R. Smeets (ed.), The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus, vol. 4, pt. 2, Delmar / N.Y. 1994, 85). [back / zurück]
7. Bats: First row: Rough transcription
Second row: Georgian transcription used in: დავით ქადაგიძე, ნიკო ქადაგიძე, წოვა-თუშურ-ქართულ-რუსული ლე ჩიქობავას რედაქციით / Давид Кадагидзе, Нико Кадагидзе, Цова-Тушинско-грузинско-русский словарь, подготвлен к изданию до Арн. Чикобава / David Kadagidze, Niko Kadagidze, Cova-Tušinsko-gruzinsko-russkij slovar', podgotovlen k izdaniju doc. R.R. Gagua pod red. Arn. Čikobava, Tbilisi 1984
Third row: Russian transcription used in: Ю.Д. Дешериев, Бацбийский язык; Языки народов СССР, т. 4, Москва / Ленинград 1967, 228.
Cp. also Dee Ann Holisky / Rusudan Gagua, Tsova-Tush (Batsbi), in: R. Smeets (ed.), The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus, vol. 4, pt. 2, Delmar / N.Y. 1994, 152 f. [back / zurück]
8. Adyghe (West Circassian): First row: Caucasologists' transcription as used in G.A. Klimov, Einführung in die kaukasische Sprachwissenschaft, Hamburg 1994
Second row: Cyrillic orthography
Sounds indicated by parentheses are not phonemic. [back / zurück]
9. Kabardian (East Circassian): First row: Caucasologists' transcription as used in G.A. Klimov, Einführung in die kaukasische Sprachwissenschaft, Hamburg 1994
Second row: Cyrillic orthography
Sounds indicated by parentheses are not phonemic. [back / zurück]
10. Abkhaz: First row: Caucasologists' transcription as used in G.A. Klimov, Einführung in die kaukasische Sprachwissenschaft, Hamburg 1994
Second row: Cyrillic orthography
Sounds indicated by parentheses are not phonemic. [back / zurück]
11. Ossetic (Iron): First row: Iranologists' transcription
Second row: Cyrillic orthography
[back / zurück]
12. Ossetic (Digor): First row: Iranologists' transcription as used in В.И. Абаев, Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка, т. 1-4, Москва/Ленинград 1959-1989
Second row: Cyrillic transcription as used in М.И. Исаев, Дигорский диалект осетинского языка. Фонетика, морфология, Москва 1966 [back / zurück]
13. Armenian (Old): First row: Caucasologists' transcription;
Second row: Original Armenian script (minuscles) [back / zurück]

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Copyright Jost Gippert Frankfurt a/M 2001. No parts of this document may be republished in any form without prior permission by the copyright holder.

Georgian (Modern)²		front				central			back
Georgian (Modern)²		plain	round	nas.	phar.	plain	nas.	phar.	plain	nas.	phar.
high	long
high	short	i ი							u უ
mid	long
mid	short	e ე							o ო
low	long
low	short					a ა

Svan (Lashkh)		front				central			back
Svan (Lashkh)		plain	round	nas.	phar.	plain	nas.	phar.	plain	nas.	phar.
high	long	ī ი̄				ə̄ ̄			ū უ̄
high	short	i ი				ə 			u უ
mid	long	ē ე̄							ō ო̄
mid	short	e ე							o ო
low	long					ā ა̄
low	short					a ა

Svan (Lower Bal)		front				central			back
Svan (Lower Bal)		plain	round	nas.	phar.	plain	nas.	phar.	plain	nas.	phar.
high	long
high	short	i ი	ü უ̈			ə 			u უ
mid	long
mid	short	e ე	ö ო̈						o ო
low	long
low	short	ä ა̈				a ა

Svan (Lentekh)		front				central			back
Svan (Lentekh)		plain	round	nas.	phar.	plain	nas.	phar.	plain	nas.	phar.
high	long
high	short	i ი				ə 			u უ
mid	long
mid	short	e ე							o ო
low	long
low	short	ä ა̈				a ა

Bats ⁷		front				central			back
Bats ⁷		plain	round	nas.	phar.	plain	nas.	phar.	plain	nas.	phar.
high	long	ī (ი̄) �
	normal	i ი и		ĩ ი^ნ и̃					u უ у	ũ უ^ნ у̃
	shortened	ĭ ი̆							ŭ უ̆
high-high diphth.	long
high-high diphth.	short								ui უჲ уи	uı უჲ^ნ у͠и
high-mid diphth.	long
high-mid diphth.	short	ie იჲე иэ		iẽ იჲე^ნ и͠е
mid-high diphth.	long
mid-high diphth.	short	ei ეჲ еи, эи		eĩ ეჲ^ნ э͠и					oi ოჲ ои	oĩ ოჲ^ნ о͠и
mid	long	ē (ე̄)							ō (ო̄) о̄
	normal	e ე э		ẽ ე^ნ е̃, э̃					o ო о	õ ო^ნ о̃
	shortened								ŏ ო̆
mid-low diphth.	long
mid-low diphth.	short
low-high diphth.	long
low-high diphth.	short					ai აჲ аи	aı აჲ^ნ а͠и
low	long					ā ა̄ а̄
	normal					a ა а	ã ა^ნ а̃
	shortened

Kabardian (East Circassian)⁹		front				central			back
Kabardian (East Circassian)⁹		plain	round	nas.	phar.	plain	nas.	phar.	plain	nas.	phar.
high	long
high	short	(i) (и)				ə ы			(u) (у)
(high-high diphth.)	long
(high-high diphth.)	short	(i̯ə) (и)							(u̯ə) (у)
mid	long
mid	short	(e) (е)				ă э			(o) (о)
(high-mid/low diphth.)	long
(high-mid/low diphth.)	short	(i̯ă) (е)				(i̯a) (я)
low	long
low	short					a а

Abkhaz ¹⁰		front				central			back
Abkhaz ¹⁰		plain	round	nas.	phar.	plain	nas.	phar.	plain	nas.	phar.
high	long
high	short	(i) (и)				ə ы			(u) (у)
mid	long
mid	short	(e) (е)							(o) (о)
low	long					(ā) (аа)
low	short					a а

Ossetic (Digor)¹²		front				central			back
Ossetic (Digor)¹²		plain	round	nas.	phar.	plain	nas.	phar.	plain	nas.	phar.
high	long	ī �
high	short	i и							u у
mid	long	e е							o о
mid	short					æ æ
low	long					a а
low	short